Transcript Document 7117845

The Early
Cold War:
1945-1960
Part I:
“Reconstruction &
Confrontation”
World War II is over
•
Japan and Europe are in
ruins
Agriculture
•
•
•
Industry
Transportation
In ruins
The Cold War 19451991
Climate of mutual
distrust
•
Soviets feared “Capitalist
encirclement
•
World Bank set up
– to help stimulate
development in third world
countries
– IMF International Monetary
Fund
–
to regulate exchange rates.
•
•
United Nations set up
provided a forum
resolving postwar conflicts
UNITED NATIONS
• 197 members
UNITED NATIONS
•
United States, Great Britain,
France, China, and the USSR
• each would have a permanent
seat and veto power on the
governing Security Council.
REBUILDING JAPAN
• General MacArthur
• US pledge military protection
• New Constitution helps to rebuild
Japan
COLD WAR
Such concern about
rebuilding of Germany
Soviets built “buffer
countries”
COLD WAR
Occupied Germany
Divided into 4 sectors
France, Great Britain,
Russia and the United
States
COLD WAR
Berlin
Capital of country located
in Russian sector
City divided into the same 4
vectors
HARRY S TRUMAN
United States developed
policy of
Containment
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
What was it…..
Because of the fear of Communism the
USA was prepared to intervene
throughout the world to protect
democracy against communism….
By lending equipment, advice etc ( and
eventually military force)
The main aim was to stop communism
spreading further
This policy was called CONTAINMENT
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
•
The Truman Doctrine in
March 1947 promised
that the USA “would
support free peoples who
are resisting subjugation
by armed minorities or
by outside pressures”.
• aid to Greece and Turkey
THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947
(Marshall Aid)
• An
American response to the
poverty and hardship in post war
Europe
• Who was Marshall?
•An American General and American
Secretary of State, sent to assess
the economic state of Europe
It was
thought that
these were
the
conditions in
which
communism
thrived
WHY?
Economies in
ruins
Detail
s
Shortages of
goods
Bread still
rationed
Coal shortages
– in GB
electricity cuts
each day
Marshall’s reaction
• Lend 17 million dollars to Europe
• 1948 – Plan passes by Congress –
to last four years
MARSHALL PLAN
• The Marshall Plan
•
• by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal
of Communism, Czechoslovakia showed
interest in receiving Marshall Aid but was
blocked by Russia.
The Soviet system was as much dependent
upon creating a self-contained economic bloc
as it was in maintaining a repressive political
system.
What a nice gesture by the
Americans.
• Yes BUT…..
• The aid came in the form of goods
made by American firms
• So there was an element of
American self-interest to prevent
another depression in USA
And Stalin
• He hated Marshall Aid!!
• Forbade Eastern European countries from
having anything to do with it
• Regarded as anti-Communist
• Feared that it might weaken his hold on
Eastern Bloc
• And Eastern countries would swing to the
US dollar.
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].
Improve your knowledge
• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead
which was expected to last at least 5
years. The rapid Russian development of
nuclear technology, helped by the work of
the “atom spies” was a shock.
Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
war against Japan at the beginning of
August 1945 and rushed to advance into
Asia to stake out a position for the postwar settlement. This helped make both the
Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more
likely.
BERLIN CRISIS
•
1948 Stalin attempted to drive
British, French, and American
forces out of Berlin by cutting off
all highway and railway access to
the Western-controlled portion of
the city of Berlin
Berlin Airlift
• West Berlin, as an outpost of Western
democracy and economic success deep within
the Communist zone, was both a nest of spies
for both sides and a constant challenge to
the Soviets.
The Berlin Blockade
• was an attempt to starve the city into
submission and the Allied airlift signalled the
West’s determination to use all resources to
defend Berlin.
Berlin Airlift
• Truman restricted his ant-Soviet policy to one of “containment”,
resisting the advance of Communism into South Korea. After some
hesitation he resisted his Commander, Gen Douglas MacArthur’s
attempt to “roll-back” Communism by invading North Korea and
China.
MacArthur was dismissed but Truman’s successors continued to
be drawn into conflicts of containment for the rest of the cold
war. The beginning of the Korean War also highlighted the failings
of the United Nations.
Up to 1950, Russia and America had respectively blocked each
other’s iniatives by using their veto powers in the Security
Council. Because the Russian delegates were boycotting the UN in
1950, Truman was able to condemn the Communist invasion of S
Korea and to set up a counter-attack under the banner of the UN.
In contrast to the pre-War League of Nations, at least this
ensured that the UN would, in future, be able to deploy force in
international disputes.
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
BERLIN AIRLIFT
• U.S. Airlift
Cold War
BERLIN AIRLIFT
France, Britain and United
States fused their sectors
of Berlin
BERLIN AIRLIFT
Cold War
Economic recovery was
progressing in West Berlin
Soviets alarmed blockaded
rivers, highways and rails
Cold War
Attempted to starve the city
Truman responded with an
airlift of supplies to West
Berlin
Cold War
Cold War confrontation
Situation is resolved
militarily without a shot
being fired at each other
directly
Cold War
NATO
In response to Soviet
aggression
Free nations of Europe and
United States
Cold War
Formed military alliance
NATO
Peacetime military alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
v
United States
v
Luxemburg
v
Belgium
v
Netherlands
v
Britain
v
Norway
v
Canada
v
Portugal
v
Denmark
v
v
France
1952: Greece &
Turkey
v
Iceland
v
1955: West Germany
v
Italy
v
1983: Spain
• NATO Member Countries
• NATO is an Alliance that
consists of 26 independent
European and North
American Countries
Cold War
Soviet Union responded
with Warsaw Pact Eastern
Europe and Soviet Union
Military pact
Warsaw Pact (1955)

U. S. S. R.

East Germany

Albania

Hungary

Bulgaria

Poland

Czechoslovakia

Rumania
Cold War
Two sides aligned by
alliances
Different economic and
political systems
Both wary of each other
former allies
Cold War
Will enter into a “war” with
no direct shots fired at each
other
1949 – Fall of
China
• In June, Chiang Kai-shek
defeated by Mao
– Flee to island of Taiwan
• Oct 1, Mao proclaims
People’s Republic of
China (PRC)
• Two months later, Mao
travels to Moscow,
– negotiates the Sino-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual
Assistance.
• the Nationalist Government of
Chiang Kai-shek received U.S.
support
• Attempt to prevent Communist
control of China.
1945, the leaders of the Nationalist
Party : Chiang Kai-shek
• Communist partie Mao Zedong
• met for a series of talks on the
formation of a post-war
government.
• The truce was tenuous, by 1946 the
two sides were fighting an all-out
civil war.
•
• Years of corruption and
mismanagement had eroded
popular support for the
Nationalist Government.
• Early in 1947, the ROC
Government was already
looking to the island province
of Taiwan,
• few contacts, limited trade and no
diplomatic ties between the two
countries.
• Until the 1970s, the United States
recognized the Republic of China,
located on Taiwan, as China's true
government and supported that
government's holding the Chinese
seat in the United Nations.
Cold War
China
Revolution by Mao-Tse
Tung
People’s Revolution
HARRY S TRUMAN
Communist revolution
deposed United States
backed Government of
Chaing Kai-shek
Cold War
Revolution led to two
Chinas
Taiwan (Nationalist
Supported by United
States)
Mainland China
Cold War
led by Mao and
Communists
COLD WAR
Chaing Kai-shek government
was corrupt
Did not have support of
peasants
COLD WAR
Grain tax was imposed even
during a famine
10,000 peasants protested
Chaing Kai-shek troops
opened fire on protesters
COLD WAR
Mao Gained the support of
Peasants
Fighting erupted
United States backed Chaing
Kai-shek with 2 billion dollars
of aid but no troops
COLD WAR
Mao was victorious
Chaing Kai-shek moved his
government to Taiwan
United States did not
recognized mainland China
COLD WAR
Peoples Republic of China
Continued support of Chaing
Kai-shek on tiny island of
Taiwan
Cold War
Feeling in the United States
was containment failed
Led to a rise in anticommunists feeling in the
COLD WAR
Truman believed that China was
an internal struggle
Not enough for American
involvement
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (19501953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
 The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
 Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn't
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,
don't accept our
invitations, and don't
De-Stalinization
invite us to come
Program
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our
side. We will bury you. -- 1956
An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
The Hungarian Uprising: 1956
Imre Nagy, Hungarian
Prime Minister

Promised free
elections.

This could lead to the
end of communist rule
in Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!
Nixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)
Cold War --->
Tensions
<--- Technology
& Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was
shot down over Soviet
airspace.
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
“Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President,
Alexander Dubček
Communism with a human face!
“Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like
Vaclav Havel—future president of a free
Czech Republic].
4th French Republic: 1945-1958
1. Democratic, but politically unstable
[27 governments!]
2. Universal suffrage.
3. Weak President; powerful legislature
4. Many political parties [coalition
governments]
5. Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.
6. Botched the Suez War.
7. Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.
5th French Republic
(1958-Present)
1. Powerful President.
* first: Charles
DeGaulle
2. Weak Cabinet.
3. Weakened
legislature.
4. Separation of
powers.
DeGaulle’s Achievements
1. Settled the Algerian
Crisis.
2. Made France a
nuclear power.
3. Sustained general
prosperity.
4. Maintained a stable,
democratic government.
5. Made France more
politically independent.
BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social
changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned
& died of a heart attack in 1970.
Student Riots in Paris
(May, 1968)
Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951
1. Limited socialist program
[modern welfare state].
« Natl. Insurance Act
« Natl. Health Service
Act
2. Nationalized coal mines,
public utilities, steel
industry, the Bank of
England, RRs, motor
transportation, and aviation.
3. Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-Grave”
security.
4. Socialized medicine
free national health care.
Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951
6. Britain is in a big debt!
7. The beginning of the end of the
British Empire.
§ India – 1947
§ Palestine – 1948
§ Kenya
Mau Mau
uprising - 1955
Churchill Returns: 1951-1955
He never really
tried to destroy the
“welfare state”
established by
Attlee’s government.
The Federated Republic
of Germany
1. Created in 1949 with
the capital at Bonn.
2. Its army limited to
12 divisions [275,000].
3. Konrad Adenauer, a
Christian Democrat,
was its 1st President.
§ Coalition of moderates and conservatives.
§ Pro-Western foreign policy.
§ German “economic miracle.”
4. “Father of Modern Germany.”
Italy After WW II
1. Alcide de
Gasperi was
Italy’s P.M.
from 19481953
2. Coalition
governments
[short and
unstable!]
Part II:
“European
Union”
European Economic Integration
1. 1947
General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade [GATT]
§ 23 nations.
§ Became the foundation of postwar
global commerce.
§ It set up procedures to handle
commercial complaints.
§ It provided a framework for
continuing negotiations [“rounds”].
§ By 1990, 99 nations were
participating.
European Economic Integration
2. 1952
European Coal & Steel
Community [ECSC].
§ HQ in Luxembourg.
§ “Inner Six”
Benelux nations,
France, Italy,
W. Germany.
§ Placed their coal and steel
industries under a form of
supranational authority.
§ Eliminated tariff duties and
quotas on coal and steel.
European Economic Integration
3. 1957
§ HQ
European Economic
Community [EEC]
Brussels.
§ Treaty of Rome.
European Economic Integration
3. 1957
European Economic
Community [EEC]
§ France, W. Germany, Italy,
Benelux.
§ Created a larger free trade area,
or customs union.
« Eliminate all trade barriers.
« One common tariff with the
outside world.
« Free movement of capital &
labor.
European Economic Integration
4. 1967
combined the ECSC &
EEC to form the
European Community
[EC].
§ HQ
Brussels.
§ European Parliament.
« “Eurocrats.”
« 518 members [elected by all
voters in Europe].
« Only limited legislative power.
§ Court of Justice.
European Economic Integration
5. 1991-92
Maastricht Agreements
§ European Union [EU] created from the EC.
« One currency, one culture, one social
area, and one environment!
§ Create a “frontier-free” Europe
common EU passport.
a
§ One large “common market.”
« Goods coming into the EU would have
high tariffs placed on them.
§ 2002
a common currency [Euro]
§ 2003
60,000 men EU rapid defense
force was created.