Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2004 Edition of Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance London, 13 September.
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Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 1 2004 Edition of Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance London, 13 September 2004 Washington, 13 September 2004 Berlin, 14 September 2004 Rome, 15 September 2004 Andreas Schleicher Head, Indicators and Analysis Division Under embargo until 2 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 14 September 2004, 11:00 MEZ Education at a Glance 2004 3 1. Tertiäre Bildungsbeteiligung … und deren Erträge – im Vergleich zur dualen Berufsausbildung Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Internationalisierung Beteiligung von Männern und Frauen 2. Bildungsfinanzierung 3. Verteilung von Entscheidungskompetenzen im Bildungsbereich 4. (Lernumfeld und Organisation von Schulen) 5. (Arbeitsbedingungen der Lehrer) 4 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher More people are completing tertiary education than ever before… …in some countries, growth has been spectacular… …but others have fallen behind. A3.2 Mexico Portugal Austria Turkey 1980's Italy 14 Greece 20 Korea Spain France New Zealand 1970's Ireland Poland Czech Republic 10 Germany Japan Finland Hungary 1960's Australia United Kingdom Switzerland Sweden Canada Netherlands 40 Denmark Norway United States Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 5 Growth in university-level qualifications Approximated by the percentage of persons with ISCED 5A/6 qualfication in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years (2002) 1990's 30 4 23 22 0 Abschlussquoten im Tertiärbereich A Anzahl der Absolventen im Verhältnis zur Population im typischen Abschlussalter *100 (2002) 6 3 to less than 5 years 5 years 6 years or more Other % 45 40 35 25 20 15 10 5 OECD Czech Republic Austria Germany Italy lovak Republic Switzerland France Ireland Sweden Japan United Kingdom Iceland Norway Finland Australia -5 Denmark 0 Poland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 30 7 Der Current Ausbau der tertiären entryBildungssysteme rates suggest gewinnt in den OECD-Staaten weiter an Dynamik that the growth will continue Die Zahl der Studierenden/Auszubildenden im Sum of nethat entry rates for single yearund of age Tertiärbereich sich zwischen 1995 2001 um in tertiary-type A and tertiary-type B education durchschnittlich 40% erhöht, in 6 Staaten um mehr als 50% – Österreich, Deutschland und Frankreich waren die Tertiary-type A education Tertiary-type B education einzigen Staaten ohne Zuwächse – Zwar ist in Deutschland die Beteiligungsrate um 14% gewachsen, dies konnte jedoch den demographischen Schwund nur noch gerade ausgleichen – Allein um den jetzigen (niedrigen) Bestand zu sichern, müsste die tertiäre Bildungsbeteiligung in weit stärkerem Maße wachsen – Deutliche Steigerungen setzen eine flexiblere Regelung des Studienzugangs voraus. Gegenwärtig nur 43% einer Alterskohorte mit Hochschulzugangsberechtigung 80 70 50 – Strukturierteres und differenzierteres Angebot an Abschlüssen – Finanzielle Ausbildungsförderung zech Republic Austria Belgium Mexico Switzerland Germany France Ireland Japan lovak Republic nited Kingdom Korea Denmark Spain Iceland Netherlands A3.1 Sweden 0 Hungary 10 – Von der Orientierung am “Qualifikationsbedarf” zur Investition in Humankapital, Innovation und Transformation – Auch für Deutschland deutliche Steigerung der Anfängerquote (von 28% in 1998 auf 35% in 2002) sowie Voraussetzungen für weitere Verbesserungen durch United States 20 New Zealand 30 Die hohen Anfängerquoten deuten in einigen Staaten auf einen Paradigmenwechsel hin Poland Finland 40 Australia Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 Higher tertiary participation is slowly translating into the qualification of the workforce 9 Percentage of 25-64-year-olds with academic or vocational tertiary qualification (10 countries with steepest growth +D) 45 United States Belgium 40 France Australia Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 35 Denmark Ireland 30 United Kingdom Korea 25 Spain Canada 20 Country mean Germany 15 A3.4 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Belgium Austria Korea Poland Turkey Slovak Republic Italy Greece 2002 Japan Finland Spain Hungary Czech Republic Netherlands United States Iceland Norway Ireland Sweden Denmark New Zealand France Germany United Kingdom C3.6 Switzerland Australia Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 10 Foreign students in tertiary education (2002) Percentage of foreign students to total enrolment in tertiary education 1998 18 16 9 14 8 12 7 10 6 8 5 6 4 4 3 2 2 0 1 Foreignfür students tertiary education Deutsche Hochschulen ausländischein Studierende zunehmend attraktiv by country of study (2002) 11 Wachsendes Interesse United States deutscher Studierender am Studium im Ausland 30% Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Anteil ausländischer Studierender zwischen 1998 und 2002 Other OECD von 8% auf 10% gestiegen (ein Viertel Bildungsinländer) OECD partner Netherlands 6% countries “Marktanteil” blieb mit 12% konstant Austria 1% 5% 2% 17% in den Ingenieurwissenschaften (höherer Anteil nur in Finnland Sweden und Schweden), 15% in den Naturwissenschaften (höherer Anteil Italy 1% nur im Vereinigtem Königreich, Neuseeland und Australien) 2% Switzerland 2% Belgium 3% aller im Ausland Studierenden aus OECD-Staaten sind Deutsche (nur Japaner und Koreaner stellen höheren Anteil) 2% Spain 2% Japan 4% United Kingdom France 12% C3.6 9% Germany Australia 12% 10% The 1990’s was the decade when women moved ahead of men in terms of educational attainment 13 Percentage of Tertiary Type-A qualification awarded to women 100 Higher proportion of women 90 80 70 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 50 40 30 20 10 0A4.2 All fields of study These gender inequities show much on Healthearly and welfare Gender differences in fields of study at university Life sciences, physical science level are already mirrored in the educational and agriculture aspirations of 15-year-olds Mathematics and computer – Career expectations of boys were far more often science associated with physics, mathematics or engineering (on Humanities, arts and education average 18% of boys versus 5% of girls) Social sciences, business, law – While girls more frequently expected occupations and services related to life sciences and health (20% of girls Engineering, manufacturing and compared to only 7% of boys) Higher proportion construction of men OECD average Germany Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 15 16 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher Growing educational success pays off… …and for the UK more so than for most other countries. The earnings advantage of tertiary education 17 Relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates with income from employment (upper secondary education=100) 200 % 180 % 160 % 140 % OECD/men D/men OECD/women D/women 100 % 80 % 60 % A B Te r ti a ry - Ty pe Ty pe ry ti a ec /n on -t er t. Te r A11.1 Po st -s up pe r se co nd a ry 40 % Be lo w Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 120 % The unemployment advantage of education 19 Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage of all 25-64-year-olds 12 % 10 % OECD/men D/men 6 % OECD/women 4 % D/women 2 % A Te r ti a ry B ry ti a ec /n on -t Po st -s Te r er t ) (A ry se co nd a pp e U A10 r r se co nd ar y % Lo we Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 8 % Trends in unemployment ratios 20 Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage of all 25-64-year-olds Germany: Below upper secondary 15 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 13 11 Germany: Upper secondary and dual system 9 Germany: Tertiary education 7 OECD: Below upper secondary 5 OECD: Upper secondary 3 1 -1 1991 A10.2b 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 OECD: Tertiary education Trends in unemployment ratios 21 Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage of all 25-64-year-olds (Germany) Ohne Sek-II Abschluss 14 Duales System/Abitur Tertiär-B 12 Universität/Fachhochschule Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 10 8 6 * 4 * * 2 A10 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 Jahre Jahre Jahre Jahre Jahre Jahre Jahre Jahre Trends in the earnings advantage 22 Trends in relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates (upper secondary=100, countries with 5% or more attainment growth) Australia (Noch) keine Anzeichen, dass der dynamische Ausbau des 200 Belgium tertiären Bildungssystems zur “Inflation” der 190Qualifikationen führt Canada 180 170 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 160 150 140 130 120 OECD mean Unter den Staaten in denen der Anteil der 25-64-Jährigen Denmark mit tertiärem Abschluss seit 1995 um mehr als 5 Finland Prozentpunkte gestiegen ist haben die meisten sinkende France Arbeitslosenquoten sowie steigende Einkommensvorteile Germany unter den Tertiärabsolventen festgestellt Hungary – In Australien, Deutschland, Irland, Kanada, Ungarn und dem Ireland6 Vereinigten Königreich stieg der Einkommensvorteil zwischen Korea und 14 Prozentpunkten zwischen 1997 und 2001 – Unter den 15 Staaten mit vergleichbaren Daten sank derNew Zealand Einkommensvorteil nur in Neuseeland, Norwegen und Spanien Norway Spain 110 Sweden 100 A11.2 Switzerland 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 United Kingdom United States Internal rate of return to tertiary education 23 Female Australia Denmark Female at age 40, no fees, no income Male immediately to higher education Male Female Spain Male Female Switzerland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher at age 40, fees, no income Female Sweden Male Female United States Male Female United Kingdom Male Female Finland Male Female Hungary A11.5 Male Male -5 0 5 10 15 20 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 26 27 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher In many countries, the expansion was accompanied by massive financial investments Im OECD-Raum verzeichneten die öffentlichen und privaten Ausgaben für Bildungseinrichtungen zwischen 1995 und 2001 eine Nettosteigerung von… …21% unterhalb des Tertiärbereiches (D: 6%) …30% im Tertiärbereich (D: 7%) B2 en m Sw ark e Po de rt n u Fi gal nl a Fr nd an A ce us U ni M tria te e d xi St co a Ca tes na d It a U ni te K aly d or Ki ea ng H do un m A ga N us ry et tr he ali rl a an d Sp s Ge a rm in Sl o v I an ak re y Re lan pu d b Ja lic Tu pan rk ey D EU Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 28 Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP All levels of education 9 8 7 6 5 Privat 4 Öffentlich 3 2 1 0 B2 en m a Fi rk nl a Ca nd n Sw ada e N den or w Be ay lg A ium us tr N Ir i a et el he an rl d an d Sp s Ge a rm in U a ni F ny te ra d nc St e a H te un s U g ni Au ar te st y d ra Ki lia ng do m It a M ly ex i Ja co pa Ko n re a D EU Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 29 Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP Tertiary education (2001) 3 2.5 2 1.5 Private Public 1 0.5 0 Annual expenditure per student 31 on educational institutions, in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs Unterdurchschnittliche Ausgaben pro Primar/Sek-I Schüler, verbunden mit deutlich überdurchschnittlichen Lehrergehältern USD 12.000 werden in Deutschland durch ungünstige USD 10.000 Schüler/LehrerRelationen und deutlich weniger Unterrichtszeit in den ersten USD 8.000 Schuljahren, sowie vergleichsweise geringere USD 6.000 für Sachaufwendungen kompensiert Ausgaben EU Jährlich USD 4.000 vorgesehene Unterrichtszeit für einen 7-8 jährigen Schüler liegt in D bei 636 Stunden/Jahr,OECD USD 2.000 mehr als 160 Stunden unter dem OECD-Mittel Germany Diese Diskrepanz wird in späteren Schuljahren USD 0 geringer, es bleibt aber auch im Alter von 15 Jahren noch eine Differenz von jährlich 66 Zeitstunden S pp er U Te rt ia ry ec o ec o S er D1 Lo w B1 nd ar y nd ar y Pr im ar y Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Verteilung der öffentlichen und privaten Ausgaben für Bildungseinrichtungen (2001) 37 100% 90% 80% Gesamte private Aufwendungen/Resi dual 70% 60% Andere private Aufwendungen 40% Private Haushalte 30% 20% Öffentlich Elementarbereich OECD EU Germany OECD 0% EU 10% Germany Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 50% Tertiärbereich Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 38 39 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher The distribution of decision-making responsibilities has changed… …but in different ways across countries. Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher D6 Greece Mexico Japan Turkey 1 Australia Iceland Regional and local Finland Spain Austria France Germany Luxembourg Norway Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Denmark School Italy Sweden Korea Slovak Republic Czech Republic Hungary % New Zealand England Netherlands 40 Percentage of educational decisions taken at each level of government Lower secondary education (2003) Central and state 100 80 60 40 20 0 Percentage of decisions relating by schools 41 Lower secondary education, by mode of decision making (2003) Organisation of instruction In full autonomy % Within a framework Personnal management Other % 80 In consultation with others Column 4 80 60 60 40 40 Der prozentuale Anteil der betrachteten Entscheidungskompetenzen, die bei den Schulen im SekI Bereich liegen, liegt in D mit 32% deutlich unter dem OECD-Mittel von 42% 20 20 0 % In full autonomy Planning and structures Entscheidungskompetenzen Greece Japan Mexico Turkey1 Iceland Australia Spain Finland France Austria Germany Norway Luxembourg Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Italy Denmark Korea Sweden Slovak Republic Hungary Czech Republic England New Zealand Netherlands Netherlands New Zealand England Hungary Italy Spain Finland Sweden Australia Denmark Netherlands England New Zealand Hungary Czech Republic Slovak Korea Sweden Italy Denmark Belgium (Fr.) Portugal Norway Luxembourg Germany France Austria Spain Finland Iceland Australia Turkey 1 Japan Mexico Greece 0 % Resources and use) der Schulen in(allocation den Bereichen Unterrichtsorganisation und Auswahl von Unterrichtsmethoden ausgeprägt In den Bereichen Personalangelegenheiten, Strukturen und Planungsangelegenheiten, sowie Ressourcen sind die Entscheidungskompetenzen der Schulen in D dagegen beschränkt In consultation with others 100 Within a framework Other In full autonomy In consultation with others Within a framework Other 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 Greece Mexico Japan Turkey1 Iceland Australia Spain Finland Austria France Germany Luxembourg Norway Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Italy Denmark Sweden Korea Slovak Republic Hungary Czech Republic New Zealand England Greece Japan Mexico 0 Turkey 1 Iceland Australia Spain Finland France Austria Germany Norway Luxembourg Portugal Belgium (Fr.) Italy Denmark Korea Sweden Slovak Republic Hungary Czech Republic England B3 New Zealand 0 Netherlands Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher In full autonomy Within a framework 100 Netherlands 100 In consultation with others Centralisation and decentralisation of decisions 42 Percentage of decisions in lower secondary education taken at more centralised/decentralised levels in 2003 than in 1998 More decentralised in 2003 Turkey More centralised in 2003 Korea Czech Republic England Netherlands Italy Portugal Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Denmark Norway Spain Belgium (Fr.) New Zealand France Austria Germany Hungary Finland B3 Greece 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 43 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher 44 Student learning conditions Intended instruction hours in classroom settings in public schools between ages 7 and 14 (2002) 45 Ages 7 -8 Ages 9 -11 Ages 12-14 Finland Norway Denmark Sweden Korea Germany Slovak Iceland Hungary Japan Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher Spain Turkey Belgium (Fl.) Portugal France England Ireland Mexico Greece Belgium (Fr.) New Scotland Australia Italy 1 0 D1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Total number of intended instructions hours 7000 8000 9000 D2 0 Netherlands Turkey Korea Japan Mexico Spain United Kingdom1 Germany Poland France Primary education Austria Australia2 Slovak Republic Czech Republic Greece United States Belgium (Fr.) Ireland1 Hungary Italy Luxembourg Iceland Denmark Switzerland Portugal Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 46 Average class size Lower secondary education 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 48 Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher 49 Teacher working conditions Basic teachers' salaries in lower secondary education Annual statutory teachers' salaries in public institutions in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs, and ratio of salary after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita (2002) 50 Salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training Starting salary/minimum training Salary at the top of scale/minimum training US $ 80000 70000 60000 50000 30000 20000 Slovak Republic Hungary Iceland Mexico Greece Sweden Italy Norway Portugal France Austria Belgium (Fr.) New Zealand Denmark Belgium (Fl.) Finland Spain Ireland Netherlands England Australia Scotland Japan Korea Czech Republic D3 Germany 0 United States 10000 Switzerland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 40000 France Denmark Belgium (Fr.) Belgium (Fl.) Netherlands Finland Greece England Australia Scotland New Zealand Spain Japan Portugal Germany Switzerland 0 Slovak Republic Iceland Hungary Norway Sweden Czech Republic Austria Ireland Italy US $ United States D3 Mexico Korea Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 51 Ratio of lower secondary teacher salaries after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita Ratio of salary after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita 3 2 1 Changes in teachers' salaries in lower secondary education between 1996 and 2002 52 Index of change between 1996 and 2002 (1996=100, 2002 price levels using GDP deflators) Salary after 15 years of experience Starting salary Salary at the top of scale Index (1996=100) 180 160 120 100 Ireland Belgium (Fr.) Netherlands Switzerland Greece Belgium (Fl.) Austria Portugal Japan Italy England Norway Scotland Denmark Australia Finland New Zealand D3 Hungary 80 Mexico Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 140 Number of teaching hours per year Net contact time in hours per year in public institutions (2002) 53 Lower secondary education Primary education Upper secondary education, general programmes Hours per year 100 90 80 70 50 40 30 20 10 Turkey Japan Hungary Czech Republic Korea Austria Iceland Greece Norway Denmark Spain Portugal Slovak Republic Germany Netherlands 0 Scotland Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 60 0 Japan Korea Spain Finland Hungary Italy Austria Greece Czech Republic France Norway Iceland Portugal Denmark Slovak Republic Belgium (Fr.) Belgium (Fl.) Ireland Germany Hours per year Australia Netherlands Scotland New Zealand United States Mexico Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 54 Percentage of teachers’ working time spent teaching Lower secondary education Primary education Upper secondary education, general programmes 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 55 Further information 56 www.oecd.org www.pisa.oecd.org email: [email protected] [email protected] Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher … and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher 57