Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Transcript Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Personality, 9e
Jerry M. Burger
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Biological Approach
Chapter 10
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter Outlines
Heritability of personality traits
Extraversion–introversion
Evolutionary personality theory and mate
selection
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Heritability of Personality
Traits
People are born with a potential for
intelligence that combines with
environmental influences to determine
adult intelligence levels
Psychological disorders are affected by the
genes inherited
People are born with a higher susceptibility to
disorders than others
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Separating Environmental
from Genetic Influences
Twin-study method
Procedure for separating the role of genetics
from the role of environment
Takes advantage of Monozygotic (MZ) and
dizygotic (DZ) twins
Researchers give personality trait measures to
members of both kinds of twins
Generates correlation tables
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Figure 10.1 - Twin-Study
Research Diagram
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Interpreting the Heritability
Findings
Key assumptions made by researchers using
twin-study method
Twin pairs can be accurately identified as MZ or
DZ twins
MZ and DZ twins have equally similar
environments
Identical twins may be treated more alike than are
DZ twins
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Interpreting the Heritability
Findings
Environmental influence on personality
traits may not be for MZ twins hampering
interpretation of the twin-study findings
Discrepancies between the results of twin
studies and studies using other methods are
attributed to methodological issues
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Interpreting the Heritability
Findings
Nonadditive effects
Genetic influence of some personality traits
may not be seen unless a unique combination of
more than one gene is inherited
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Heritability of Extraversion
Inherited differences between extraverts
and introverts remain constant throughout
one’s life
Eventually develop into the adult behavior
styles of extraversion or introversion
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Extraversion and Preferred
Arousal Level
Researchers demonstrated the phenomenon
by asking students studying in two kinds of
library sections described to complete an
extraversion inventory
Students in the noisy, open area were tend to be
extraverts
Students in isolated, quiet places were tend to
be introverts
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Extraversion and Preferred
Arousal Level
Research outcomes
Students in the noisy section said they preferred
amount of noise and the opportunities for
socializing
Other students said they chose the quiet area to
get away from the distractions
Findings are entirely consistent with the
descriptions of extraversion–introversion
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Extraversion and Happiness
Relationship between extraversion and
happiness varies from culture to culture
Extraverts experience more happiness than
introverts because they:
Socialize more than introverts
Are sensitive to rewards or enjoy the pursuit of
rewards more than introverts do
Extraverts tend to be more impulsive which
can create problems
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Figure 10.2 - Happiness Ratings
of Extraverts and Introverts
Source: Adapted from Larsen and Kasimatis (1990).
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Evolutionary Personality
Theory and Mate Selection
Men and women have different ideas about
parental investment
Investment in selecting a mate is larger for
women than for men in evolutionary terms
Men and women select their mates based in
part on what serves the needs of the species
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Evolutionary Personality
Theory and Mate Selection
Intrasexual selection
Competition among members of one gender
for mating access to the best members of the
other gender
Lipstick effect
Economic insecurity heightens the need to find
a mate with resources, which drives women to
try to make themselves more attractive
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What Men Look for in Women
Attractive
physical
features
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What Women Look for in Men
Financial resources required to raise children
Ability to transfer status or power to the
children
Dominant nature
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Conclusions and Limitations
Research findings on preferences of men
and women are consistent with the
predictions from evolutionary personality
psychology
Possibility exists that instincts inherited
from the ancestors are overshadowed by
learned preferences
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Conclusions and Limitations
Gender differences in sexual behavior and
mate preferences are smaller in cultures that
promote gender equality
Exceptions
Evolutionary personality psychology is limited
to heterosexual mating choices
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Conclusions and Limitations
Prediction of partner choice based on parental
investment fails to explain about choices for
lesbians and gays
Analysis not applicable for women who are past
their reproductive years and older men
uninterested in raising a family
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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