Personality, 9e

Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

Chapter 11 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Chapter Outline

 Roots of humanistic psychology  Key elements of the humanistic approach  Carl Rogers  Abraham Maslow  Psychology of optimal experience © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Chapter Outline

 Application: Person-centered therapy and job satisfaction  Assessment: Q-Sort technique  Strengths and criticisms of the humanistic approach © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Roots of Humanistic Psychology

 Existential philosophy  Addresses the meaning of human existence, role of free will, and uniqueness of each human being  Existential psychotherapy focuses on existential anxiety  Ideas promoted by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach

Personal responsibility • People are responsible for what happens to them Here and now • People become fully functioning individuals when they live their lives as it happens Experience of the individual • Therapists provide therapeutic atmosphere that allows clients to help themselves Personal growth • People are motivated to progress toward some ultimately satisfying state of being © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Carl Rogers

 Believed in every individual’s potential to for a fulfilling and happy life  Fully functioning person: People who strive and reach an optimal sense of satisfaction in their lives  Anxiety is the result of acquiring knowledge that does not coincide with the impression one has about oneself © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Carl Rogers

 When faced with extreme threatening information, one relies on defenses  Distortion and denial  Conditional positive regard: Atmosphere when admiration is gained when accepted behavior is portrayed  Leads to denial of one’s weaknesses  Resolved through unconditional positive

regard

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Abraham Maslow

 Motives identified by Maslow  Deficiency motives: Results from a lack of needed object  Satisfied when obtained  Growth needs: Not satisfied by finding the object of need  Satisfied by expressing the motive © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Hierarchy of Needs

 Categories of needs identified and arranged by Maslow  Physiological needs - Hunger, thirst, air, and sleep  Must be satisfied before moving to higher level needs  Safety needs - Security, stability, protection, structure, order, and freedom from chaos  Prominent when the future is unpredictable © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs

 Belongingness and love needs  D-love - Need to satisfy the emptiness people experience without it  B-love - Experienced and grows as a result of being in the relationship  Esteem needs  Need to perceive oneself as competent and achieving  Need for self-actualization  Satisfied when people identify their true self and reach full potential © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Figure 11.1 - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Misconceptions About Maslow’s Need Hierarchy

 Assumption that lower needs must be satisfied before turning to higher needs  Description that need hierarchy is universal  Means of satisfying a particular need varies across cultures  Oversimplification that any behavior is motivated by a single need  Behavior is the result of multiple motivations © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Study of Psychologically Healthy People

 Maslow believed that knowing self actualized people can provide lessons others can follow for fulfilling their true potential  Types of psychologically healthy individuals  Nonpeakers - Have a clear direction in life  Peakers - Less conventional and more concerned with abstract notions © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Optimal Experience

 Moments in which a person’s attention is entirely focused on a activity  Referred to as flow  Components  Activity is challenging and skilful  One’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity  Activity has clear goals © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Optimal Experience

 Presence of clear feedback  Concentration can only be on the current task  Achievement of personal control  Loss of self-consciousness  Loss of sense of time © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Application: Person-Centered Therapy

 Application of Rogerian therapy makes clients more fully functioning and happier  Involves creating a proper relationship with clients  Open and genuine  Unconditional positive regard  Reflection - Helping clients understand their own thoughts and feelings © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Application: Job Satisfaction

 Occupations should provide opportunities for personal growth and satisfaction of higher order needs  Jobs can satisfy people’s need for belongingness, self-esteem, and respect for others © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Application: Job Satisfaction

 Eupsychian management  Rearranging an organization to help employees satisfy higher level needs  Careers provide an avenue for personal growth © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Assessment: Q-Sort Technique

 Basic procedure used to assess a wide variety of psychological concepts  California Q-Sort  Requires the client to sort a deck of 100 self descriptive cards into nine categories according to his/her real and ideal self  Allows the clients to describe themselves © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Assessment: Q-Sort Technique

 Clients whose real and ideal selves are unrelated have zero correlation  Negatively correlated if real and ideal selves are at opposite sides  Real–ideal self correlations increase as clients move through client-centered psychotherapy © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Figure 11.3 - Changing Real and Ideal Self Q-Sorts for a 40-Year-Old Female Client Source: From Rogers, C., International Journal of Social Psychiatry, June 1955; vol. 1: pp. 31–41, Copyright © 1955. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE.

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Strengths of the Humanistic Approach

 Emphasis on the healthy side of personality  Several aspects have been adopted by therapists from other theoretical perspectives  Growth of encounter groups © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach

 Humanistic psychology adopted in education, communication, and business  Organizations promote job satisfaction by taking care of employees’ higher needs  Teachers and parents have adopted Rogers’ suggestions for education and child rearing © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach

 Reliance on the concept of free will to explain human behavior  Key concepts are poorly defined  Self-actualization  Fully functioning  Limited applicability of psychotherapy techniques  Naive assumptions about human nature © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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