Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Transcript Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Personality, 9e
Jerry M. Burger
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
What is Personality?
Chapter 1
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter Outline
The person and the situation
Defining personality
Six approaches to personality
Personality and culture
The study of personality: Theory,
application, assessment, and research
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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The Person and the Situation
Both the situation and the person influence
behavior
Individual's personality determines:
How different he/she is from others
How he/she behaves in the different situations
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Personality
Consistent behavior patterns and
intrapersonal processes originating within
the individual
Consistent patterns of behavior
To an extent, individual behavior is consistent across
time and situations
Intrapersonal processes
Emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes
that influence individual's feelings and actions
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Approaches to Personality
Psychoanalytic
• Unconscious mind is responsible for important
differences in behavior styles
Trait
• An individual lies along a continuum of various
personality characteristics
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Approaches to Personality
Biological
• Inherited predispositions and physiological processes
contribute to differences in personality
Humanistic
• Personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance
cause differences in personality
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Approaches to Personality
Behavioral/social learning
• Consistent behavior patterns are the result of
conditioning and expectations
Cognitive
• People process information to explain differences
in behavior
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Aggression
Psychoanalytic approach’s explanation
People possess an unconscious desire to selfdestruct
Self-destructive impulses are expressed against
others in the form of aggression
Aggression occurs when people are blocked
from reaching their goals
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Aggression
Trait approach’s explanation
Focusses on individual differences and the
stability of aggressive behavior
Aggressive children are most likely to become
aggressive adults
Biological approach’s explanation
Genetic predisposition towards aggression
Evolutionary theory
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Aggression
Humanistic approach’s explanation
People are basically good
Aggression arises when something interferes
with natural growth process
Inadequate basic needs, poor self-image
Behavioral/social approach’s explanation
People learn to be aggressive
Aggressive behavior that is rewarded will be
repeated
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Aggression
Cognitive explanation
Certain cues in the environment trigger a
network of aggressive thoughts and emotions
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Depression
Psychoanalytic approach’s explanation
Depression is a result of holding unconscious
feelings of anger and hostility
Trait approach’s explanation
Focuses on identifying depression-prone
individuals
Person’s general emotional level at present can
indicate that person’s emotions in the future
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Depression
Biological approach’s explanation
Certain people inherit a genetic susceptibility
to depression
Humanistic approach’s explanation
People frequently suffering from depression are
those who have low self-worth
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1 - 14
Depression
Behavioral/social approach’s explanation
Depression results from a lack of positive
reinforcers in a person’s life
Cognitive approach’s explanation
Depression depends on how people interpret
their inability to control events
Certain individuals use a depressive filter to
interpret and process information
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1 - 15
Personality and Culture
Cultural context influences an individual’s
personality
Individualistic cultures: Emphasize on
individual needs and accomplishments
Individuals perceive themselves as independent
and unique
Includes Northern European countries and the
United States
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Personality and Culture
Collectivist cultures: Emphasize on
belonging to a larger group
Family, tribe, or nation
Includes Asian, African, Central American, and
South American countries
Cultural context influences interpretation
of an individual's behavior
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Study of Personality: Theory
Genetic versus environmental influences
Biological and trait theorists argue that
psychologists fail to recognize the significance
of inherited predispositions
Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize innate needs
and unconscious behavior patterns
Humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and
cognitive theorists rarely emphasize inherited
influences on personality
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Figure 1.1 - Position of the Six Approaches
to Personality on Three Theory Issues
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Study of Personality: Theory
Conscious versus unconscious determinants
of behavior
Psychoanalyst view asserts that much of what
people do is without awareness
Behavior perspective asserts that people assume
they understand the reasons for their actions
but in reality they do not
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Study of Personality: Theory
Trait and cognitive theorists assume people can
identify and report their level of social anxiety
Humanistic theorists argue that people do not
understand why they act the way they do
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Study of Personality: Theory
Free will versus determinism
Behaviorists argue that behavior is not freely
chosen but it is the result of environmental
forces and accumulated history of experiences
Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize innate needs
and unconscious mechanisms
Humanistic theorists identify personal choice
and responsibility as the basis of mental health
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Study of Personality: Theory
Trait theorists and biological theorists
emphasize genetic predispositions
Cognitive psychotherapists encourage their
clients to recognize the cause of their problems
and help them to develop strategies to avoid
future difficulties
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Study of Personality:
Application
Psychoanalytic therapists attend to
unconscious causes of the problem behavior
Humanistic therapists provide the
atmosphere for clients to explore their
feelings
Cognitive therapists try to change the way
their clients process information
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Study of Personality:
Application
Behaviorists structure the environment to
increase the frequency of desired behaviors
and decrease undesired behaviors
Personality theory and research is used by
psychologists in educational, organizational,
and counseling settings
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Study of Personality:
Assessment
Researchers use self-report inventories to
measure personality
Psychoanalytic psychologists focus on
learning unconscious thoughts
Require test takers to respond to ambiguous
stimuli
Behavioral psychologists observe behavior
to determine consistent behavior patterns
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Study of Personality:
Research
Test principles and assumptions of certain
researches are central to the theory
Few researches are focused on the concepts
introduced by personality theory
Psychology researchers employ several
methods to uncover information about
personality
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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