Origins of the Industrial Revolution By: Scott Johnson, Avi Meshulam, and Ben Shriver.
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
By: Scott Johnson, Avi Meshulam, and Ben Shriver
Class Thesis
Thesis:
The Industrial Revolution came about due to a curious coincidence of key factors. Technical advances in agricultural production enabled a population boom at the very time that wood was growing scarce in England. People had to turn to coal in order to heat their homes and businesses, but the demand for coal required miners to go deeper and deeper underground. An engine became necessary to pump out water that pooled in mines: hence, the invention of the steam engine.
Topic Sentence
The Industrial Revolution arose because of an increase in population due to a rise in agricultural productivity. However, this immense increase in population led to a demand for more reliable and abundant sources of energy, which spurred many new technological advances and capital opportunities that defined the Industrial Revolution.
Aspects Leading to Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution More productive in produce market Population Growth Exponentially growing population; more food more people Power Crisis Failure of solely man power, natural resources Capitalism Use of new technology to invest in new economical standards Commercial Revolution
Pre-Agricultural Revolution
Peasants made agreement with owner Every year land is split evenly Enclosure Acts Once equally shared land was taken from peasants and given to highest bidder
Agricultural Revolution
Three main developments Four Field System (Viscount Townshend) Seed Drill (Jethro Tull) Selective Breeding (Robert Bakewell) Overall, led to population increase
Four Field System
Year 1 Year 2
Method of crop rotation Between wheat, clover, oats, and turnips Improved production of fields Increased nutrients in ground
Year 4 Year 3
Seed Drill
Seeds originally planted manually Did not evenly distribute seeds Seed drill increased harvest yield Evenly spaced, right depth, covered with earth Horse drawn hoe also used to remove weeds
Selective Breeding
Increase in food allowed animals to live through winter Increased number of animals and amount of manure Crossing of different breeds of sheep “Breeding in and in”
Year
1710 1795
Sheep (lbs)
28 80
Cattle (lbs)
370 800
Population Growth
Malthus: That food is “necessary to the existence of man” That the “passion between the sexes in necessary, and will remain nearly in its present state” Food increases geometrically and population increases arithmetically (More people than food)
Population growth (cont.)
Population increased but job availability remained the same Led to many jobless and homeless citizens Poverty increased
Power Crisis
Increase in population led to need for excess power Previous source, wood, was used up, needed new way for energy Coal was accessible Mines would fill with water, invention needed to remove water from mines Pump powered steam engine fueled by coal
Power Crisis (cont.)
Thomas Savery in 1698 came up with steam powered pump Could then get coal and transport with barges Thomas Savery and Newcomen in 1712 had idea of steam powered wagons these steam engines were faster and could tow more
Capitalism
Investment made to mass produce pump the increase of jobs gave birth to idea of specialization Made jobs faster and more proficient Quality and quantity of what was made better Used steam engine to introduce more inventions which helped revolutionize the productivity of the economy Steam engine Telegraph
Bibliography
"The Agricultural Revolution." The Open Door. 04 Mar. 2008
"Thomas Malthus: Essay on Population, 1798." Modern History Sourcebook. 03 Mar. 2008
"Class 15: Causes of the Industrial Revolution." Modern Western Civilization. 04 Mar. 2008
Technology of the Industrial Revolution
By: Liam Gallagher Jack McClamrock Jack Volk Cooper Sutton
Class Thesis
Inventors quickly developed a number of applications for the new engine which revolutionized the means of production and created an industrial economy. Greedy capitalists found a way to exploit millions of unemployed workers by hiring them, at low wages, in factories with abject working conditions. Progress was not achieved during the Industrial Revolution.
Topic Sentence
The machines and technological advances of the Industrial Revolution greatly increased the prosperity of many brilliant capitalists and even of the British nation as a whole; nonetheless, the poverty, squalid working conditions, and overloaded habitations that resulted from the factories which employed these machines created an incredibly unjust society.
Capital
One of the key ingredients present in England New inventions were expensive and in need of improvement Chance for immense profit outweighs the risk Liberal British government allowed the money to flow to the ideas The competition of the Liberal British government helped many of the scientific and technological advancement become realized
Railroads
Richard Trevithick Born in 1771 1796- he built miniature working locomotive 1801- built a reg. size locomotive It was propelled by pistons that moved back and forth by steam Could not go very far 1804- created first steam engine to run on rails
Railroads part II
The Rocket
Made by Robert Stephenson and Co.
Changed piston angle to 35 degrees 1829- competition It was last still working Average speed-12 mph Top speed- 29 mph Worked on the Liverpool & Manchester line until late 1830s
The Iron Ore
Wood previously used for producing iron in furnaces, but too expensive Coal could be used because cheaper, but had sulphur making iron weaker 1709, Abraham Darby smelted iron using coke as fuel Discovery greatly improved expansion of iron trade Coalbrookdale, small village where Darby lived became big mining site, employed over 500 people
Bridges
• Iron Bridges 1777 Darby built bridge of cast iron • • • Winding Gear Used to bring coal to surface of deep mines Vast improvement in coal supply Have stages guided by steel ropes
The Beam Engine
• • • • Beam Engine Used for pumping floodwater out of deep mines Uses steam, pump, and vacuum to work Inefficient Liable to explode killing all bystanders Animation
The Textile Industry
• •
Background
•
the making of cloth
•
one of most important industries in Britain
•
changed from wool to all cotton between 1770 and 1788
•
3 parts
•
carding, spinning, and weaving
•
Carding
•
process of removing the small, extraneous fibers from mass of cotton or wool
•
done by children
(a woman spinning)
Textiles
• Spinning • thread wounded onto spindle • Spinning-Jenny • invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves • allowed for multiple wheels to spin at one time • Weaving • process of interlacing yarn with yarn • done by men • hard job • Flying Shuttle- invented by John Kay in 1733 • allowed shuttle to be knocked back and forth with one hand • doubled the amount of weaving Spinning Jenny
The Steam Engine
• Watt Steam Engine • The Watt Steam Engine Animation • 1763-1775 by James Watt and Matthew Boulton • increased fuel efficiency • included a separate condensation system • provided more power and efficiency • also increased engine speed (a later version of Watt steam • condenser could be kept and under atmospheric pressure • but cylinder remained hot • Watt engine is improvement upon the Newcomen engine engine)
Bibliography
• "Watt Steam Engine." Wikipedia. 5 Mar. 2008
• "Coke “Blast Furnace." Wikipedia. 5 Mar. 2008
• “Isambard Kingdom Brunel.” Spartacus. 5 Mar. 2008
Class Thesis Statement
Greedy capitalists found a way to exploit millions of unemployed workers by hiring them, at low wages, in factories with abject working conditions. Progress was not achieved during the Industrial Revolution. The standard of living did not rise for all, the social gap between the rich and poor widened , and a true political revolution never took place. Instead, capitalists used new mas media techniques to divert the masses from workers from recognizing the rwality of their situation. Instead, a radical liberal reform movement emerged which gave the lower class the illusion of political involvement while keeping their minds ignorant and controlled.
THE LIVES OF THE WORKING CLASS Topic Sentence: The conditions of living and working of the lower classes in England during the Industrial Revolution and the fact that the government kept them in this abject state warranted that the poor not only wanted, but also deserved an equalitarian, socialist revolution.
Poor Working Conditions
Textile Factories In a five day work week, the adults were still working 13.5 hrs a day from 14.2…Small children were working 9.6 hrs a day. More than today’s average adult…the owners call this an inconvenience?
Long, exhausting workdays physically wore down the people and even inhibited the growth of children
Urban Conditions
Housing was unsanitary and sloppily built Houses built back to back with outside toilets shared by at two adjacent houses Cited instances show that 17 people from different families forced to live in a 5 meter by 4 meter room Solid waste heaped onto sidewalks close to homes Liquid waste seeped through the ground and contaminated the water supply
Cholera Outbreak
First reported in October of 1831 Feared greatly because it spread to all social classes Victim first struck with sickness then diarrhea/ dehydration Contracted through polluted water
Polluted by the liquid waste of the slums that seeped into water supply through the earth 70,000 killed in epidemic of 1849
Children Workers
Children as young as 3 forced to work Many children worked 16 hour days Parliamentary acts in 1802 and 1819 reduced hours of children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours “Short Time Committees” of 1831 pressed for more Child Laws in textile factories Whig Government Recommendations in 1833 set hours allowed by the age of the children Only 20% of children educated in 1840 By 1847 another radical act limited the hours for both children and adults to 10 hrs per day
Whig Recommendations
Ages 11-18 allowed to work a max of 12 hrs.
Ages 9-11 allowed to work a max of 8 hrs
All children under the age of 9 were no longer allowed to work
Women Workers
Forced into the same labors as men Girls of all ages forced to work alongside naked men Physically deformed In some instances, wastes were shrunk causing in death during childbirth later in life It was the fact that they worked with naked men that inspired the wrath of the government not the horrible forced labor
Conditions in Manchester
Thousands of Irish immigrant workers Poor food: mostly tea, bread, and potatoes in various forms Depending on income, small amounts of meat added Long hours: 6-8 AM (awake at 5), 40 45 minutes for breakfast, 8:45-12, 1:00 PM-7:00 PM
A Day in the Life of A Working Class Family The population employed in the cotton factories rises at five o'clock in the morning, works in the mills from six till eight o'clock, and returns home for half and hour or forty minutes for breakfast. This meal generally consists of tea or coffee, with a little bread. Oatmeal porridge is sometimes…used…the stimulus of tea is preferred…The tea is almost always of a bad, and sometimes of a deleterious quality; the infusion is weak, and little or no milk is added.
A Day in the Life of A Working Class Family The operatives return to the mills and workshops until twelve o'clock, when an hour is allowed for dinner. Amongst those who obtain the lower rates of wages this meal generally consists of boiled potatoes. [2] The mess of potatoes is put into one large dish; melted lard and butter are poured upon them, and a few pieces of fried fat bacon are sometimes mingled with them, and but seldom a little meat. Those who obtain better wages, or families whose aggregate income is larger, add the greater proportion of animal food to this meal…At the expiration of the hour, they are all again employed in the workshops or mills, where they continue until seven o'clock or a later hour, when they generally again indulge in the use of tea, often mingled with spirits accompanied by a little bread. Oatmeal or potatoes are however taken by some a second time in the evening.
Corn Laws
Instituted 1815 at the end of the French Wars, revised in 1828 Did not allow foreign corn to be imported Caused inflation of corn prices Strain on economy
Anti-Corn-Law League
Leaders include Richard Cobden and John Bright Mostly from manufacturing background Advocated for free trade Finally managed to forced gov. to repeal the law
Peterloo Massacre
Afternoon of the 16th of August, 1819 Peaceful protest against Corn Laws, and protest for suffrage and more involvement in government Took place in Manchester on St. Peter’s Field adjoining St. Peter’s Church Around 80,000 people total
What Happened?
Military arrived (in the form of cavalry) Mr. Hunt was the speaker at the protest Cavalry proceeded to cause chaos among protestors Arrested Mr. Hunt Then proceeded to seize the banners carried by protestors Attacked and killed numerous people
Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834
Poor could not receive outdoor relief clothing, money, food, etc. to help alleviate poverty, had to enter workhouses Where poor went when unable to support themselves Horrible conditions, families separated, very little food…Wikipedia describes it “little different from that in a prison leaving many inmates feeling that they were being punished for the crime of poverty”
Oliver Twist
written in retaliation to this
Chartism
“People’s Charter” written in 1838 by William Lovett, later ones in 1842 (Thomas Duncombe) and 1847 1 st petition- over 1,280,000 signatures, rejected 235 votes to 46 2 nd petition- over 3,250,000 signatures, rejected 287 to 47 Radical Liberal campaign for equality Desires of Chartists Votes for all men Members of parliament not having to be property owners Annual Parliament elections
Desires of Chartists
Since everyone has to obey the government, everyone should be represented Votes for all men in elections Members of parliament not having to be property owners Annual Parliament elections Payment of Parliament Members Secret Ballot Lessening of factory work hours and higher pay Total Separation of Church and State Lessening Taxes Right to public meetings Most of the demands were eventually met in the Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884
Trade/Labor Unions
1799- Combination Acts- Labor Unions made illegal, workers not allowed to strike 1819- Six Acts- limiting freedom of press, no public meetings 1825 Combination acts- Workers only allowed to meet about wages and conditions, anything else was criminal conspiracy Unions were not completely legalized until 1871 So during the height of the Industrial Revolution and poor working conditions, workers could not even really object to the injustice done to them
Works Cited
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/cor nlaws1.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/18 19peterloo.html
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/terra ce/adw03/peel/p-health/mterkay.htm
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/cor nlaws/acll.htm
Works Cited Cont.
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/anti poor.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse#Workho use_conditions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendm ent_Act http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/peti t42.htm
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist3.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TU.htm
Cultural Responses to the Industrial Revolution: Literature
Class Thesis Statement
Thesis:
The Industrial Revolution came about due to a curious coincidence of key factors. Technical advances in agricultural production enabled a population boom at the very time that wood was growing scarce in England. People had to turn to coal in order to heat their homes and businesses, but the demand for coal required miners to go deeper and deeper underground. An engine became necessary to pump out water that pooled in mines: hence, the invention of the steam engine. Inventors quickly developed a number of applications for the new engine which revolutionized the means of production and created an industrial economy. Greedy capitalists found a way to exploit millions of unemployed workers by hiring them, at low wages, in factories with abject working conditions. Progress was not achieved during the Industrial Revolution. The standard of living did not rise for all, the social gap between the rich and poor widened , and a true political revolution never took place. Instead, capitalists used new mass media techniques to divert the masses from workers from recognizing the reality of their situation. Instead, a radical liberal reform movement emerged which gave the lower class the illusion of political involvement while keeping their minds ignorant and controlled.
Although the writers and artists of the time made clear that social injustices were occurring in the new industrial cities, a socialist revolution never occurred in England due to the fact that the people were suppressed and pacified by the novelties of the emerging mass-market sector as well as because of the inaccessibility of the art and literature of the time.
Baker on Leeds: In the manufacturing towns of England... additions have been made without regard to either the personal comfort of the inhabitants or the necessaries which congregation requires... neighborhoods have arisen in which there is neither water nor out-office, not any conveniences for the absolute domestic wants of the occupiers... the streets present architecture of various orders, causeways, dangerous on account of steps, cellar windows without protection, here and there posts and rails, and everywhere clothes lines intersecting them, by which repeated accidents have been occasioned... many cases of broken legs by these unprotected cellars, and by horsemen dismounted by neglected clothes-lines hanging across the streets, were recorded. Here and there stagnant water, and channels so unbearable that they have been declared to be offensive, lie under the doorways of the uncomplaining poor…
Social Protest In Literature
Elizabeth Gaskell -
Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life
Frances Trollope -
Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy
.
Charles Dickens
Economics of Authorship
Many ways of making money Commission Half Profit Cost & Profit split b/t producer & author Outright purchase Short Lease Royalties
Economics of Authorship (cont’d)
While distracting masses from issues Dickens was also paid Stories sympathized w/ poor Made many short chapters to gain more money and distract poor even more
The Rebirth of Mass Entertainment
The day off was introduced People had free time – what to do?
Go to the circus Read the paper Play a sport The entertainment industry grew vastly
Sensationalism
All entertainment was designed to distract and entice Arrival of modern sex scandal Celebrities “Freak Shows” Detective Novels
Opium
Opium was legal until 1868 “Opium Dens” Another tool to suppress the masses
Realism in Art
How was the ideological debate about the problem of urban poverty reflected in the popular culture of late 19 th century England?
So what’s all this then?
Realism is an approach to art in which subjects are depicted in as straightforward a manner as possible, without idealizing them and without following rules of formal artistic theory. It appeared in the 18th Century but was most prominent in the middle of the 19th Century. It describes the physical, material way of things. It’s un-ideal: it describes how things really are. Art was less about religion, history, and mythology and more about real life.
Joseph Turner
Greatest landscape artist of 19 th Century English, pioneer in light, color, atmosphere Works include
The Grand Canal, Venice
,
The "Fighting Temeraire" tugged to her Last Berth to be broken up
, and
Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway
Conservative: shows discontent with new, ugly industry which clashes with beautiful works of the Old World
The Grand Canal, Venice
The ugly new ships clash with all the old yet beautiful classical and enlightenment architecture. What well-painted atmosphere!
“Fighting Temeraire” tugged to her last berth The Fighting Temeraire
is that beautiful ship about to get scrapped by that ugly new ironclad tugboat.
Rain, Steam and Speed: The Great Western Railway
The classical aqueduct to the left blends in harmonically with the landscape, unlike the new railroad.
Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale
Darby, 1779 Classical Liberal: geometrical, idealized zeitgeist of Industrial Revolution Bridge to right is highly geometrical, still enlightenment idea
Manchester 1851
shows beauty in industry Emphasis is solely on the good things of the Industrial Revolution. Nobody would want to call attention to the world’s problems, because they’re unsolvable and who’d want to help the poor? It takes money! What? You would? Then you’re a communist.
Manchester 1851
Wow… those smokestacks look pretty. Let’s take a closer look!
London: A Pilgrimage (1872)
Written by Gustave Dore and Blanchard Ferrold Emphasis on the impoverished state of the poor- radical liberal Easily available to the British public Jacob Riis’ book,
How the Other Half Lives
written 16 years later
London: A Pilgrimage
And you think this is bad…
London: A Pilgrimage
Would you like to live here? No? Well, you get more pay than you did on the farm, and if you’d rather starve then that’s your problem…
Daumier
employed on
Charivari
and
La Magazine de Caricature
(1830-35) until suppression by the government Sarcastic political cartoons Point out inequality of judicial system and discontent with society Early political campaigning
“ You lost, but you had the pleasure of having me plead your case!” “An anonymous article he wrote in the Law-Journal praises him.”
“We’ll sue them!” But who reads this stuff?
“What a pity she didn’t retain me. It was a pleasure to denounce her husband!”
Jean-Francois Millet
The Gleaners,
1857 Note that the socialist art is all from France, not Britain Figures are somber but not crude Realist yet romantic Portrays the everyday work of the common man
The Sower,
1850
So why did the Radical Liberals win?
Who
saw
the art?
Turner’s and Millet’s great paintings were only seen by aristocrats.
Daumier’s political cartoons were in high-class publishings:
La Magazine de Caricature.
Besides, they’re French. The British working class doesn’t read French.
London: A Pilgrimage
, illustrating the liberal point of view, actually reached the working class, showing the power of the mass media So the radical liberals really won because they had the most influence in the freedom of the mass media and… Because they were right!
Exercising the Right to Rebellion
Progress was achieved in the Industrial Revolution – the standard of living increased overall. Mass media led to good things like newspapers and radio and television and the internet. It’s a good thing because it allows the people to be more aware of the world. Mass media also led to videogames. The media offers many different points of view, and therefore no mind-control is in effect if one doesn’t depend on more than one force. Democracy and therefore freedom were exercised by the universal suffrage which extended to women in the early 1900s. Many new things were invented in the industrial revolution (which is still going on today): airplanes, cars, nuclear bombs, spaceships, TV, machine guns, i-pods, computers, etc. You use these things every day, and my guess is especially the TV.
What have socialists ever done for you? The USSR couldn’t beat the USA, so my argument is based on reality. If you don’t like it, and here’s the beautiful part, you can go to Cuba or North Korea and starve. Communism is totalitarianism in the disguise of freedom, and it’s a pretty poor disguise.
On a side note, it’s abundantly clear that there is no such thing as human nature. We are individuals! If there’s any statement that fits all humans, it’s that we’re unpredictable and crazy on the boundary of insanity.
USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! PPS. If you don’t agree with me, you’re a communist. That’s the way America works.
PS. I like freedom. I also like money. You socialists hate both.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/turner2.html
http://www.all art.org/impressionism/daumier4.html
http://www.princeton.edu/~civ102/gallery/iron_brid ge.shtml
http://www.cf.ac.uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index.html
http://www.all-art.org/history458-1.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jgaskell.htm
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pva/p va77.html
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/patte n1.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/sour ce_bsurface_01.shtml
http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/wac.html
Hello….
a little help?
Cow?