Transcript Wheels, Deals and Automobiles: The Industrial Revolution

Wheels, Deals and
Automobiles:
The Industrial Revolution
1750-1848
Traditional Farming Methods
1. List all of the
MACHINES
in the picture.
2. How many
POWER SOURCES
are in the picture?
3. What
SOCIAL CLASSES
are represented
here?
4. Using the picture,
write a sentence
describing life
before
industrialization.
How did the world go from this?
To this?
What triggered the Industrial
Revolution?
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Agricultural Revolution
new inventions (seed drill) put small
farmers out of work – migrated to towns
Also people lived longer – created a large
work force
Population Explosion 1800s
Energy Revolution
Water mills/windmills, steam engines
A New Agricultural Revolution
Improved
Methods of
Farming
•Dikes for land
reclamation
•Fertilizer
•Seed Drill –
Jethro Tull
•Crop rotation
Enclosure
Movement
Population
Explosion
•Rich landowners
fenced in land
formerly shared by
peasant farmers.
•Output rose with
fewer workers
•Tenants displaced
•Moved to cities
•Britain’s
population rose
from 5 million in
1700 to 9 million in
1800.
•Declining death
rates
•Reduced risk of
famine.
James Watt’s Steam Engine:
World Changing Invention
James Watt's
improvements in 1769
and 1784 to the steam
engine converted a
machine of limited
use, to one of
efficiency and many
applications.
James Watt’s Steam Engine:
World Changing Invention
• Watt’s improved
steam engine was
the foremost
energy source in
the emerging
Industrial
Revolution, and
greatly multiplied
its productive
capacity.
James Watt’s Steam Engine:
World Changing Invention
Watt was a creative
genius who radically
transformed the
world from an
agricultural society
into an industrial
one. Through Watt’s
invention of the first
practical steam
engine, our modern
world eventually
moved from a 90%
rural basis to a 90%
urban basis.
James Watt’s Steam Engine:
World Changing Invention
Improved steam engines led to improved systems
for transporting people and factory goods.
Effects of the Industrial
Revolution
• Political
Aristocracy remains
but has less power
• Economic
New technologies, trade
huge divide between
industrialized and non
industrialized world
• Social
social status becomes based on wealth (not birth)
Growth of cities (urbanization)
Growth of ‘isms’
Urbanization
• In the mid 1700s, more than half the population
of Britain lived and worked on farms.
• Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming
families moved to the cities to work in the new
factories.
Urban Living Conditions
• Factory owners
rushed to build
housing
• Back to back row
houses
• Several people in
very small spaces
• Poor sanitation
• High disease rates
• Crime
• Massive pollution
Industrialization
Factory system
Rigid schedule 1216 hours
Workers exposed to
dangers
Parents accepted
idea of child labor
Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY
GENTRY
TRADESPEOPLE LABORERS
Rutland
52
41
38
Truro
40
33
28
Derby
49
38
21
Manchester
38
20
17
Bethnal
Green
Liverpool
45
26
16
35
22
15
Rutland
– agricultural
locations
–area
major
inindustrial
central England
centers
TruroOther
– tin
mining
center
Working Conditions and Wages
• Common working day: 12 –
14 hours
• One short break for lunch
• Work week: 6 days per
week
• 80 degree heat
• Workers were beaten if
they did not perform well.
• Hot, polluted factory air.
• Workers risked losing
limbs from the machines.
• Low wages.
Child Labor
• Children shifted
from farm work to
factory work.
• 12 – 14 hour days
• 6 day weeks
• Lower wages than
adults.
• Began at age 5.
• Mining work
deformed bodies.
Child Labor
• As concerns about the
welfare of children rose in
mid 1800s, Parliament held
investigations into working
conditions.
• New laws and new labor
unions improved conditions.
New Technologies
and World Economy
Steamships
Telegraph cables
Steel
Electricity
Chemical industries
Railroad
World Trade
•Great Britain first to industrialize
•By 1890 Germany and U.S.
surpassed G.B. as world’s leading
industrial powers
•Industrialized nations mass
produced consumer goods while the
non-industrial areas provided raw
materials
World Economy
World became prey to
sudden swings in business
cycle because of everchanging supply and
demand
Environmental effects
RR ate land
Tropical
forests cut
for
plantations
Growth of Isms
• Capitalism
• Economic system in which the
means of production are privately
owned and operated for profit.
•Socialism
•Economic factors determine
course of history and the struggle
between the classes is caused by
who benefits from surplus
Communism
Karl Marx
• Scientific socialism
• Economics really a
struggle between the
“haves” (upper class and
merchants bourgeoisie)
and the “have nots”
(proletariat working class.)
• Advocated a workers’
revolution to replace
private ownership of
property with cooperative
ownership.
• “Workers of the world
unite you have nothing to
lose but your chains”
UTILITARIANISM
• Greatest happiness
for the greatest
number
• Any action is right if it
produces happiness
• Jeremy Bentham
• John Stuart Mill –
advocated
government help for
poor
Utopianism
• Self-sufficient
communities – all
work was shared and
all property was
owned in common
• Does this work?
Economists of the Industrial
Revolution
• Adam Smith: advocated laissez- faire
economics. No government regulation of
business. A free market will produce more
goods at lower prices, making them
affordable by everyone. The basis of
Capitalism.
• Thomas Malthus: Population will outpace
the food supply
• David Ricardo: Poor having too many
children, thus leading to a high labor
supply and lower wages.
The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
• New inventions and
development of
factories
• Rapidly growing
industry in the 1800s
• Increased production
and higher demand
for raw materials
• Growth of worldwide
trade
• Population explosion
and a large labor
force
• Exploitation of
mineral resources
• Highly developed
banking and
investment system
• Advances in
transportation,
agriculture, and
communication
Social Effects
• Long hours worked
by children in
factories
• Increase in
population of cities
• Poor city planning
• Loss of family
stability
• Expansion of middle
class
• Harsh conditions for
laborers
• Workers’ progress
vs. laissez-faire
economic attitudes
• Improved standard
of living
• Creation of new jobs
• Encouragement of
technological
progress
Political Effects
• Child labor laws to
end abuses
• Reformers urging
equal distribution
of wealth
(i.e. Karl Marx)
• Trade unions
• Social reform
movements, such
as utilitarianism,
utopianism,
socialism, and
Marxism
• Reform bills in
Parliament
Industrial Revolution Vocabulary
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Bourgeoisie Merchant Class
Proletariat Workers
Factory system Rigid Schedule 12-14 hrs./day
Domestic system Make goods at home
Capital Land/money which produces
Laissez-faire hands off policy toward business
Capitalist Profit
Communism everyone owns equally