Transcript ERP II

Historical development
The role of business information systems has changed and expanded over the
last four decades:
1. In the incipient decade (1950s and '60s), “Elecsystems” could be afforded by only the
largest organizations. These systems also known as “Management Support System”
(MSS). They were used to record and store bookkeeping data such as journal entries,
specialized journals, and ledems” were used to generate a limited range of
predefined reports, including income statements (they were called P & L’s back then),
balance sheets and sales reports.
The first Management Operating System (MOS) such as “PICK”, were also introduced
to plan and manage inventory. These solutions are also called “Bill Of Material”
(BOM) Processors
Basically, transaction processing, record keeping, and other Electronic Data
Processing (EDP); are the main interests and capabilities.
2. By the 1970s, three important forms and technologies of Business System were
introduced : “Decision Support Systems” (DSS), “Material Requirement Planning”
(MRP), and “Management Information System” (MIS).
These intertactive technologies were important breakthrough in the history of
Management.
They were considered interactive in the sense that they allowed the user to choose
between numerous options and configurations and in dealing with pre-defined
management report. The users were allowed to customize outputs, and could
configure the programs to their specific needs. But as part of your mainframe
leasing agreement, you typically had to pay to have an IBM system developer
permanently on site.
Note that MRP(first introduced by J. Orlicky of IBM and G. Plossl) was a state-ofthe-art inventory and production planning system management that relies on a
computer system, at that time. Companies were able to gain control over their
material purchases and order only what was needed and when. The first actual ERP
system was created in 1972, in Mannheim Germany, by five former IBM employees
who founded the company SAP to produce and market standard software for
integrated business solutions.
3. The main development in the 1980s was the introduction of decentralized
computing.
Instead of having one large mainframe computer for the entire enterprise, numerous
PCs were spread around the organization. But many poor souls fought with the
vagaries of DOS protocols, BIOS functions, and DOS batch programming.
Computers, instead of creating a paperless society, as was expected, produced
mountains of paper, most of it valueless.
This information overload was mitigated somewhat in the 1980s with the introduction
of “Executive Information Systems” (EIS). They streamlined the process, giving the
executive exactly what they wanted, and only what they wanted.
The 1980s also saw the first commercial application of artificial intelligence
techniques in the form of “Expert Systems” (ES). These programs could give advice
within a very limited subject area.
“Manufacturing Requirement Planning” (MRP II), were also introduced by O.
Wight. This first integrated business system technology combined the strength of
MRP with accounting/financial management system.
We also witnessed the rise of “Just In Time” (JIT) principles of a very effective and
efficient production system from Toyota Motor Company (TMC) of Japan. These
technologies were important foundation for ERP and also Supply Chain
Management (SCM) as an important related system possible.
4. The 1990s saw the introduction of the Strategic information system. (SIS)
These systems used information technology to enable the concepts of business
strategy developed by scholars like M. Porter, T Peters, J. Reise, C. Markides, and J.
Barney in the 1980s. The role of business information systems had now expanded to
include strategic support. The latest step was the commercialization of the Internet,
and the growth of intranets and extranets at the turn of the century.
“Enterprise Resource Planning” (ERP), rose as a new business system solution that
includes all resource planning such as product design, information warehousing,
material planning, capacity planning, communication system, and so on. is the next
logical sophistication level in an evolutionary series of computer business tools that
began in the 1950s. ERPs are cross-functional and enterprise wide. ERP II means
open ERP architecture of components. EAS - Enterprise Application Suite is a new
name for formerly developed ERP systems which include (almost) all segments of
business, using ordinary Internet browsers as thin clients.
Dimensi
Transaction
Processing
System (TPS)
Management
Information
System (MIS)
Decision Support
System (DSS)
Expert System
(ES)
Executive
Information System
(EIS)
Aplikasi
Payroll, persediaan
(inventory),
penyimpanan
rekaman (record
keeping), informasi
produksi & penjualan
Kontrol produksi,
peramalan penjualan,
pemantauan
Perencanaan Strategis
Jangka Panjang, masalah
terintegrasi rumit
Diagnosis,
perencanaan
strategis,
perencanaan
pengendalian internal,
strategi
Pengambilan keputusan
Manajemen tingkat tinggi,
peneraan lingkungan
(environmental scanning)
Titik Perhatian
Transaksi Data
Informasi
Keputusan, fleksibillitas,
(user- friendliness)
Inferencing, transfer
keahlian
Penelusuran,
pengendalian, Drill-Down
Data Base
Unik untuk tiap
aplikasi, update batch
Akses interaktif oleh
pemrogram
DBMS, akses interaktif,
pengetahaun faktual
Pengetahuan
prosedural & faktual,
basis pengetahuan
(knowledge base)
Eksternal (on-line) dan
korporasi, akses luas
perusahaan (semua
Data Base)
Kemampuan
Pengambilan
Keputusan
Tidak ada
Masalah terstruktur rutin
menggunakan alat Sains
Manajemen
(Management
Science)konvensional
Masalah Semi testruktur,
Model Sains Manajemen
terintegrasi, campuran
penilaian dan pemodelan
Sistem membuat
keputusan rumit, tidak
terstruktur,
penggunaan berbagai
aturan (heuristics)
Hanya bila digabungkan
dengan Decision Support
System
Manipulasi
Numerikal
Numerikal
Numerikal
Simbolik
Numerik (utamanya),
beberapa simbolik
Tipe informasi
Laporan Rangkuman,
operasional
Laporan kebutuhan dan
terjadual, aliran
terstruktur, pelaporan
pengecualian (exception
reporting)
Informasi untuk
mendukung keputusan
spesifik
Saran dan penjelasan
Akses status, pelaporan
pengecualian, indikator
kunci (Key Indicator)
Tingkat
organisasi
tertinggi dilayani
Sub-manajerial,
manajemen tingkat
rendah
Manajemen tingkat
menengah
Analis dan para manajer
Manajer dan spesialis
Eksekutif Senior
Momentum acuan
(motivasi)
Kesesuaian
Efisiensi
Efektivitas
Efektivitas dan
kesesuaian
Kepantasan, kesesuain
Berbagai atribut tentang sebagian besar Computer Management Support System (Efraim Turban)
ERP
MRP II
Closed-Loop MRP
MRP
BOM