Transcript ZSIZ - Literatura:

INTEGRATED IT
SYSTEMS
SUPPORTING
MANAGEMENT
Lecture 1
Intro
Agnieszka Stachowiak
[email protected]
room 312
Lectures agenda
• Integrated IT systems – definition & idea
• Implementation (potential benefits and difficulties)
• Modes and functions
• Examples and case studies
Definition
IT system is a complex software (computer programme) or
a set of software packages cooperating to realize
predefined functions
IT systems:
• Systems supporting management,
• Systems controlling processes,
• Systems supporting professional work (f.ex. designing),
• Systems searching for information,
• Other (f.ex. software for robots, cell phones etc)
IT management systems
..are created as a response for developed and defined
demand of managers concerning generation of exact and
useful data to be used for planning, analyzing and
controlling enterprise performance in order to optimize its
development.
IT management systems
..realize their functions by providing data collection,
storage, processing and transmission and using
feedbacks to react to current and future changes in an
enterprise and in its environment
Computer systems supporting
management
are
organization, software and
hardware
combined to support management
processes in an enterprise
(sequential, multi-stage decision making).
USERS + INFORMATION/ DATA + SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION + COMPUTER SYSTEM,
and:
computer system = hardware + software +
system
Which refers to general formula:
computer system supporting management
= PEOPLEWARE (users)
+ ORGWARE
(organization)
+ HARDWARE (computers)
+ SOFTWARE
(programmes)
Data processing schemes
Service concept:
based on a concept that each part of an enterprise has
(generates) demand for data processing. IT systems
responding to this demand perform time consuming and
repeatable tasks of employees and let them perform more
sophisticated or responsible jobs (f.ex. IT system in a
warehouse).
Data processing schemes
Cybernetic concept:
based on system approach, according to which an
enterprise is an entity with common goals,
defined structure, realizing a set of processes. IT
systems developed are to process data in an
aera limited and defined by processes (functions)
realized by an enterprise, starting from the place
of their origin and finishing in the place of their
exploitation (f.ex. finance system and
bookkeeping system)
Data processing schemes
Management concept:
based on the idea that an enterprise is a hierarchical net of
managers. Each of them needs a set of data and
generates data as well. IT systems developed with such
approach are called managers IT systems or managers
supporting systems.
Data processing schemes
Communication approach:
based on the idea that IT systems are nets of computers,
transmission lines and other devices. The nets are to
manage data flows within management system. In this
approach hardware issues are the most important.
Data processing schemes
Mirror (simulator) concept:
according to this cocncept IT management system is a
simulator of an enterprise performance. It is supposed to
reflect processes and their dynamics, thanks to which an
enterprise is able to plan, control and forecast effectively
and efficiently its perfromance in changing internal and
external conditions (f.ex. ERP systems)
Data processing schemes
Automatic management concept:
based on data processing and regulation and control
system integration. IT systems developed according to
this idea does not need human operators (do not exist,
theoretical)
EVOLUTION
MRP+ finances
and capacity
balancing
DEM
ERP
MRPII
IC
1960
MRP
1970
MRPII +
distribution
, transport
and
service
1980
1990
ERP +
automatic
change
implementatio
n
2000
Integration
Integration of an IT system requires:
• Data sets and databases integration and availability,
• Processing integration ( if something is changed in one
dimension, all the others should be changed
automatically),
• Integration of technical means used to process and
transmit data, as well as points were information is
generated and used.
Processes integration
 Enterprise specifics should be considered,
 BPA should be performed (Business Process Analysis),
 Processes infrastructure should be developed (process
maps, roles maps, information and decisions flows),
 ERP system choice,
 Modeling and documenting business processes should
be performed with process modeling pronciples,
 Processes restructurization should provided with
reference models, best practices and scenarios,
 Continuous improvement methods should be developed,
 risk analysis should be performed for each new system
version created.
Functions integration
Function aggregation level choice (wheter it refers to one
task or activity or to a process):
• Required modeling precision,
• Function standardization,
• Predefined modeling goal,
• Experience.
Personal integration
..is supposed to lead to full acceptance of computer
simulation as a method of decisive information analysis
Information integration
.. is a set of actions striving to correlation of input and
output data with information capabilities of analysis and
planning system of an enterprise
ERP class systems
• High integration, cost-consuming, diggicult to implement;
• Use shared data,
• Are used by managers at all management levels;
• Are used by all departments
Integrated computer system supporting management
Typical modules:
• Main register: enterprise financial records;
• Sales register: records concerning customers,
data concerning invoices and payments related;
• Supply register: records enabling payments
connected with products (goods and services)
buying management;
• assets: records enabling financial processes of
assets management;
• Cash register: information concerning cash
flows;
 Analysis and reports: the application used to analyze
information and support the company management, the
information is supposed to be available in real time;
 Information management: the function of simulating
future facts based on data base without losing its
integrity;
 EDI (Electronic Data Intercharge): the paperless
(electronic) exchange of trading documents, such as
purchase orders, shipment authorizations, advanced
shipment notices, and invoices, using standardized
documents formats;
 Material management: the function of collecting
information concerning each material, raw material,
product and good. Enables inventory control;
 Locations management: defines rules of allocating and
shipping goods from various locations.
• Supply management: the function supporting process of
materials buying; from the moment of ordering, through
warehousing to invoice related payments. Enables
controlling prices and suppliers quality;
• Supply scheduling: the function connecetd with longterm agreements, automatically repeats orders when
necessary;
• Supply demand: the function generating supply demand
based on information from modules supporting
production, distribution resource planning or on analysis
of raw material, parts and goods use;
• Sales management: from the moment of the order
registering, through the warehousing process
documentation to making out the invoice;
• Advanced sales: includes additional functions comparing
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•
•
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to the previous module;
Direct sales (phone calls): the function of gathering the
necessary information, enables operators work
management and orders recording/ registering;
Sales scheduling: the function connecetd with long-term
agreements;
Retrurns and complaints: manages returns of goods
from customers from the moment of registering to making
out the corrective invoice;
Sales analysis: the function of creating reports;
Demand forecasting: the function of estimating of future
demand. A forecast can be determined by mathematical
means using historical data, it can be created subjectively
by using estimates from informal sources, or it can
represent a combination of both techniques;
• DRP (Distribution Resource Planning): the extension of
distribution requirements planning into the planning of the
key resources contained in a distribution system:
warehouse space, work force, money, trucks, freight cars
etc.;
• Product configurator: used to define product when
accepting order, to perform production processes as
soon as possible;
• Transport planning: the function of transport
management (routes, means of transport, fees);
• Production data base management: to keep
homogenous data base including information and data
referring to materials, semi-products, products,
manufacturing methods, workstations, resources,
operations and tools. Enables creating and modifying
BOMs (Bills of Material) and technological processes;
• Planning (general planning): the function of generating and
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•
•
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modyfing production and purchase plans;
MRP (Material Requirements Planning): a set of techniques that
uses bill of material data, inventory data, and the master production
schedule to calculate requirements for materials. It makes
recommendations to release replenishment order for material;
Production support: the process of analyzing workstations
management, job assignment and work-in-process inventory;
Capacity planning: the process of determining the amount of
capacity required to produce in the future. This process may be
performed at an aggregate or product-line level (resource planning),
at the master-scheduling level (rough-cut capacity planning), and at
the detailed or work-centre level (capacity requirements planning).
Production control: the function of directing or regulating the
movement of goods through the entire manufacturing cycle from the
requisitioning of raw material to the delivery of the finished products.
Enables production management.