Transcript Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan

Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan:
A Voluntary or Forced Decision
B12670 SATO AI
さて、ようやく、私の成
長戦略の中核である
「女性の活躍」につい
て、お話させていただ
きます
（Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013）
「社会のあらゆる分
野で2020年までに指
導的地位に女性が
占める割合を30％以
上とする」という大き
な目標があります。
（Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013）
いまだに、多くの女
性が、育児をとるか
仕事をとるかという
二者択一を迫られて
いる現実がありま
す。
（Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013）
仕事で活躍している女性
も、家庭に専念している女
性も、すべての女性が、
その生き方に自信と誇り
を持ち、輝けるような日本
をつくっていきたいと思い
ます
（Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013）
Global Gender Gap Report 2013
th
105
in 136
(WEF 2013)
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in
Japan:
A Voluntary or Forced Decision?
日本における出産後の退職は自発的行為か、それとも強制された
決断か?
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
1.Defining Terms
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of one’s own
free will
-OXFORD
1.Defining Terms
Forced:
Obtained or imposed by coercion or
physical power
coercion
-OXFORD
the use of threats or orders
to make
someone do something they do not
want to do
Paraphrase the title:
-Do women really have a
choice?
-Are they effectively forced
out of the workforce?
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.1 A monetary merit
• Exemption for spouse：配偶者控除
No income or an income of
just over a million yen a year
Wives do not
need to pay tax
Husbands are cut
off tax amount
2.1 A monetary merit
Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」（子育て中の妻）
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s own free will
（Cabinet office 2012 ）
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
Figure2 「夫は外で働き，妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思うか？
■賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲どちらでもない
（Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013)
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
Figure3 「夫は外で働き，妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思うか？
■賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲どちらでもない
（Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013)
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
（Yomiuri shimbun 2009）
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
Figure4 「夫は外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべきか？」
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s own free will
（Asahi shimbun Digital 2012 ）
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.3 Japanese women have choices
th
4
in136
(WEF 2013)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Gender Gap Subindexes 2013 (0.00=INEQUALITY, 1.00=EQUALITY)
Sweden Japan
Labour force participation .................................... 0.93
0.74
(就労率)
(WEF 2013)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会的に
立派な役割を果たしていることがある程度
Voluntary:
認められています。・・・ところがスウェーデ
Done,
given,
or
acting
ンでは、Hemmafru(家にいる婦人）を評価
of one’s own free will
してきませんでした。
（Nihonkeizaishimbun 2013）
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
3.Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
平成24年10月1日
【待機児童状況のポイント】
Forced:
○保育所入所待機児童数は46,127人で平成23年10
月と比較し493人減少した。
Obtained or imposed by
coercion or physical power
○平成24年4月の待機児増数24,825人から、21,302人
増加（1.8倍）した。
（Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012）
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
3.Evidence for Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.2 Maternity Harassment
(NHK 2013)
3.2 Maternity Harassment
ある女性は退職願の書類を手に持っていた。こ
の書類は、彼女が育児休暇から戻ったあと、雇
用主に契約を延長することは出来ないと言って
渡されたものであった。記入を求
められた退職願の理由欄には「労
働契約期間満了」と下書きがあっ
た。
(Yomiuri shimbun 2013）
3.2 Maternity Harassment
％ of pregnant workers
Forced: Maternity Harassment
experienced
２５．６
Obtained or imposed by
coercion or physical power
(NHK 2013)
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
3.Evidence for Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
• In 2012,the rate of men who took childcare
leaves in Japan was…
Men 1.89 %
(Asahi shimbun Digital 2013)
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Figure５ 「家庭における家事分担」
Housework
Men
Women
Cooking
2.1%
85.2%
Washing dishes
4.5%
74.7%
Forced:
Cleaning
house or imposed
Obtained
5.2% by 75.6%
coercion or physical power
(Kanbara2009.95)
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
4.Analysis
Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
4.Analysis
Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」
（ Cabinet office 2011 ）
4.Analysis
2.1 A monetary merit
Exemption for spouse：配偶者控除
No income or an income of just
over a million yen a year
103万の壁
2.1 A monetary merit
4.Analysis
103万円＝給与所得控除（65万円）と基礎控除（38万円）
Figure6 「103万の壁？」
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s own free will
（NPO Seimê Hoken Centre ２０１３）
4.Analysis
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
4.Analysis
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
Figure7 「専業主婦になりたいですか？」（20~29歳の働く未婚女性を対象）
（Mainabi ２０１２）
4.Analysis
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” idea
Figure8 「ライフイベントによる女性の就業形態の変化」
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting
of one’s own free will
（Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku ２０１３）
4.Analysis
2.3 Japanese women have choices
日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会的に
立派な役割を果たしていることがある程度
認められています。・・・ところがスウェーデ
ンでは、Hemmafru(家にいる婦人）を評価
してきませんでした。
（Nihon Keizai Shimbun2013）
4.Analysis
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Figure9 「女性の年齢層別労働力率の国際比較」
（Nikkei BP Net 2012）
4.Analysis
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Voluntary:
Sweden Japan
Done, given, or acting of
Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ....................... 0.93 0.57
（およその勤労取得）
one’s own free will
Legislators, senior officials and managers ............ 0.48
（国会議員、上級職員、経営者）
Professional and technical workers ........................ 1.06
（専門家や技術者）
(WEF 2013)
0.10
0.85
4.Analysis
Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
4.Analysis
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
平成24年10月1日
【待機児童状況のポイント】
○保育所入所待機児童数は46,127人で平成23年10
月と比較し493人減少した。
○平成24年4月の待機児増数24,825人から、21,302人
増加（1.8倍）した。
（Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012）
4.Analysis
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
Figure10 「都道府県別 待機児童数」
Forced:
Obtained or imposed by
coercion or physical power
（Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012）
4.Analysis
3.2 Maternity Harassment
Figure11 「妊娠・出産前後に退職した理由」
Forced:
Obtained or imposed by
coercion or physical power
（ Cabinet office 2012）
４．Analysis
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Figure5「家庭における家事分担」
Housework
Men
Women
Cleaning house
5.2%
75.6%
Cooking
2.1%
85.2%
Washing dishes
4.5%
74.7%
(Kanbara2009.95)
4.Analysis
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Figure 12 「6歳未満児をもつ夫の家事・育児時間（1日当たり）」
Forced:
Obtained or imposed by
coercion or physical power
（Cabinet office ２０１２）
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
4.Analysis
Evidence for a Voluntary
Evidence for a Forced Decision
2.1 A monetary merit
→×
2.2 A lot of people favor
Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
→×
2.3 Japanese women have
choices
→△
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
→△
3.2 Maternity Harassment
→△
3.3 Cooperation at home in
Japan
→○
５．Conclusion
Quitting Work After Giving Birth
in Japan:
a Voluntary or Forced Decision
A Forced Decision
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
Thank you
for listening!