Japanese Morphology
Download
Report
Transcript Japanese Morphology
Japanese Morphology
Japanese Lexicon
Native vocabulary
Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉/和語
Sino-Japanese
Kango 漢語
Foreign
外来語
Mimetic
擬声語、擬態語
Native
‘shine’ kagayaku
‘dog’
inu
SJ
Mimetic
Foreign
-kou-
kira-kira
syain
-ken-
wan-wan doggu
Word 単語 and Morpheme 形態素
Word 単語(たんご)
Ex. 虎の子(とらのこ)
Morpheme 形態素(けいたいそ)
手抜き (て+ぬき)
楽しさ (たのし+さ)
Free morpheme 自立形態素 (じりつけいたい
そ) = 「手、抜き、楽し」
Bound morpheme 従属的形態素 (じゅうぞく
てきけいたいそ) = 「さ」
Analyze the following units:
(1)砂あそび、(2)砂、(3)すわりこむ、
(4)名古屋発、(5)読まない、(6)ビー玉、
異形態 (いけいたい)
船 船足 船幽霊
単純語 (たんじゅんご)
手、朝、しかし
Word Structure 語の構成(こうせい)
Cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful units
形態素
単純語
Can be divided into smaller meaningful
units
派生語 (はせいご)
複合語 (ふくごうご)
活用 (かつよう)
Derivation 派生
change meaning or category
Base 語基(ごき) and Affix 接辞(せつじ)
Ex: hada ‘skin’ + su ‘bare’ = su-hada
kak ‘write’ + -(i)ta ‘want to’ = kakitai
hiro ‘wide’ + -sa = width
Inflection
variants of the same word
Ex: tabe ‘eat’ + ru = taberu
tabe + ta = tabeta
ooki ‘big’ + i = ookii
ooki + katta = ookikatta
AFFIXATION
Prefixation 接頭辞(せっとうじ)
mu ‘none’ + kansin ‘interest’ = mukansin
Suffixation 接尾辞(せつびじ)
hanasite ‘speaker’ = hanas + te
COMPOUNDING
Compound words 複合語(ふくごうご)
Native Compounds
aki + sora = akizora ‘autumn sky’
SJ Compounds
ki + soku = kisoku ‘rule’
Hybrid Compounds
dai + tokoro = daidokoro ‘kitchen’
garasu + mado = garasumado ‘glass
window’
COMPOUNDING
刺し身→さし(stab)+み(body)
本棚→ほん(book)+たな(shelf)
Head 主要部(しゅようぶ)=right element
Compare: 水汲み(みずく) with 汲み水; 汲む
means pump (v)
Analyze: 映画音楽 and 音楽映画
Compound Verbs
Sentence level
歩き続ける
Vocabulary level
押しつける
(1)つっこむ、(2)まよいこむ、(3)むきあう、
(4)たべはじめる、(5)みすてる、(6)ふりつもる
Word Formation
Affixation
Compounding
Reduplication
Clipping
Borrowing
Parts of Speech 品詞(ひんし)
Noun 名詞(めいし)
Verb
動詞(どうし)
Adjective 形容詞(けいようし)
Adverb 副詞(ふくし)
Postposition 助詞(じょし)
Case Particle 格助詞(かくじょし)
Adjectival Noun 形容動詞(けいようどうし)
Verbal Noun 動名詞(どうめいし)
NOUNS 名詞
co-occur with demonstratives 指示語
(しじご)
can take noun modifiers which take the
particle の
can be linked using と
associated with a conjugational
paradigm
VERBS 動詞
conjugational endings 活用(かつよう)
nozum
nozomu
nozomanai
nozonde
nozomoo
nozomeba
ADJECTIVES 形容詞
conjugational endings 活用
fusawashi
fusawashii
fusawashikunai
fusawashikatta
fusawashikunakatta
ADVERBS 副詞
derived from adjectives
tooku, atatakaku
totemo, zettai
POSTPOSITIONS 助詞
cannot stand independently; placed
after nouns
で、へ、と、まで、から
CASE PARTICLES 格助詞
Nominative が
Accusative を
Dative に
Genitive の
ADJECTIVAL NOUN 形容動詞
形容動詞 ‘adjectival verb’; ‘nominal
adjectives’
have characteristics both of adjectives and
nouns
modify the nouns that follow them
can be modified by adverbs
take the copula verb, unlike the regular
adjectives
形容動詞
cannot possess the grammatical functions of
subject, object, etc.
can be nominalized by the derivational affix –
sa
cannot take the derivational suffix –rashii that
generates adjectives from nouns
loan words modifying nouns tend to belong to
this category
VERBAL NOUN 動名詞
many come from Sino-Japanese
compounds
can occur with demonstratives
require the dummy verb する in the
predicate function
can function as subject or object
Additional 品詞
形式名詞 (けいしきめいし)
こと、はず、わけ、もの
連体詞 (れんたいし)
あの、いわゆる、大きな
接続詞 (せつぞくし)
また、そして、ところが
感動詞 (かんどうし)
まあ、はい、うん
助動詞 (じょどうし)
られる、ようだ、だろう、
Assignment
問題1 Compare and analyze the forms 「通(と
お)り道(みち)」 and 「通(とお)る道(みち)」 at the
word level. Also, examine any change in the
pronunciation of each term.
問題2 How would you differentiate 「関西(か
んさい)の方言(ほうげん)」 and 「関西(かんさい)
方言(ほうげん)」?
問題3 Analyze the structure of the following
words: 走(はし)り方(かた)、スキー幅(ぼう)、お
水(みず)取(と)り、
おむつ換(か)え、毛生(けは)え薬(くすり)
問題4 List 5 examples of affix which changes
the category of the word/meaning of the
word. For each affix, provide 2 derived words.
問題5 The affix 「御(お)」 has two allomorphs: ご and
を. State the condition/s for the occurrence each
allomorph.
問題6 Consider the forms 遊(あそ)び方(かた) and 遊
(あそ)び用(よう). Both are grammatical. However, if
you combine these forms with 水(みず), you will have
a grammatical 水(みず)遊(あそ)び用(よう) but *水(み
ず)遊(あそ)び方(かた) is ungrammatical. Find the
difference in the usage of 方(かた) and 用(よう).
What feature/s of words can you combine with these
forms? Provide examples.
問題7 In the clause 「水槽(すいそう)中にプラン
クトンがいる」, there is a difference in meaning
if you read 中 as ちゅう or じゅう. Identify the
difference. If possible, provide other derived
words for each reading of 中.
問題8 Compare and analyze the forms 「押
(お)し始(はじ)める」 and 「押(お)し付(つ)ける」.