Transcript A2 Revision

A2 Revision
World Games
World Games
Single Sport
• FIFA World Cup
• Heineken European
Rugby Cup
Multi-sport
• Olympic Games
• Paralympic Games
• World Hockey
Champions Trophy
• Commonwealth
Games
• World Short-course
swimming
championships
• Pan-American
Games
Characteristics of World games
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Elite performers
Pre-qualifying
‘ Shop window’ for city/country
Commercialised
Large spectator/TV appeal
Requires major infrastructure –
transport, accommodation, facilities
Effects of World games - performers
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Highly motivatedto be the best
Test themselves against the best
Make most of abilities – reach potential
Extrinsic rewards
Self-satisfaction / pride
High expectations
Role models
Effects of World games - performers
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Long-term goal
Great sacrifices
Short career
Requires self-discipline/motivation
No guarantee of success
Effects of World games - Country
• Cultural impact – seen as successful, part of
national character
• Social impact – unite country
• Economic impact – financial success –
tourism / regeneration / infrastructure
• Can have negative impact - failure
Effect of World Games - Government
• Provide support – bidding, planning
• May be used to demonstrate
political success - Beijing
• Successful bid seen as achievement
on world-wide scale - London
Typical question
World championships have developed beyond a simple
meeting of the world’s best performers to become far
more complex events.
(a) In recent years, how and why have world
championships, such as the Olympic Games, developed
in terms of size and finance?
(4 marks)
(b) How have these developments impacted upon
the experiences of performers and spectators?
(3 marks)
Answer
(a) 4 marks for 4 of:
Events now larger/more teams/more sports/performers/ stadia size;
Need more funding;
From sponsorship/spectators;
More media coverage/ sports want higher profile;
Resulting in more interest worldwide/in host country/following of national
teams or performers/stars;
Some championships allow professional performers/ prize money;4 marks
(b) Spectators (Sub max 3 marks)
More opportunities to see elite performers;
Enhanced viewing opportunities/interactive/ camera
angles/statistics/hawkeye/equiv;
Improved knowledge of events/performance, etc;
Performer (Sub max 3 marks)
More opportunities to perform at the highest level;
Chance to represent country/win championships;
More opportunity to gain expenses/appearance money/win bonus, etc;
More commercial pressure on performers/ deviancy;
4 marks
Why seek excellence?
Society
Individual
• Challenge
• Society encourages
excellence
• Employment
• Self-esteem
• Role models
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National pride
Reduces crime
Big money
Healthy – increase mass
participation
• Limits to performance?
Not all good news
• Elite sport for exclusive minority– requires
substantial funding and resources
• Loss of morality – sportsmanship –
increased deviancy
• Physical and psychological damage from
over training and specialisation
Qualities required for elite
performer/performance
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Physical
Ability/skill
Fitness
Physique
Muscle-fibre type
Anatomical
advantages - levers
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Psychological
Competitive
Commitment
Mental toughness
Motivation
Single-minded
Make sacrifices
Identifying Talent
• Needs talent identification programme
• Fitness / psychological testing
But:
• Difficult to make tests valid – especially
psychological
• Training has limited effects on performance
• Socio-economics more important
Social factors affecting development
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Tradition
Ideals
Sport’s popularity
Parental influence
Teacher’s specialities
Accessibility of facilities
Typical question
An individual must have a range of personal
qualities and receive some external support to
enable them to reach an elite level of
performance.
(a) What personal qualities are necessary for
an individual to progress towards an elite level
of performance?
(4 marks)
Answer
(Long term) commitment/self discipline;
Determination/Be the best/sets targets/vision/single
minded/focussed/mental toughness;
Motivation/Nach personality /desire to achieve;
Self sacrifice;
Resilience/ability to overcome failure/pass through pain barrier;
Self-confidence/self efficacy;
High levels of skills/talents/natural ability/correct somatotype;
High levels of physical fitness/high VO2 max/equiv;
4 marks