Some sports have experienced violence, both on and off the field of play, involving both players and spectators.

1. How does the law and sports legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests?

(3 marks)

2. Explain the consequences of spectator violence, for example hooliganism, for the clubs and the sporting authorities.

(4 marks)

Peer –Assessment

Violence can sometimes occur in elite sport, for example football, both on and off the pitch.

3. Why might an elite performer commit an act of violence on the pitch?

(3 marks)

4. Explain, using examples, why an elite performer may need the protection of the law during their sporting careers.

(4 marks)

Elite sports performers are expected to be role models and to maintain high standards of behaviour during their preparation and competition.

5. Suggest possible reasons why an elite performer may display behaviour which is deemed 'unacceptable' by coaches, managers and officials.

(3 marks)

6. The media often report on many aspects of a performers behaviour. Explain the potential impact on a

sport

publicity. of any negative

(3 marks)

1. 3 marks for 3 of: A. Protect against violent play B. Employment contracts with clubs/Sponsorship/commercial contracts/avoid burnout C. Ensure duty of care from officials/negligence of poor referees D. Safe playing environment/stadiums are suitable for purpose E. Protection from violent spectators/hooligans/terrorist threats F. Ensure opponents using doping methods are banned G. Equality legislation/racism act/sexism act/disability acts/age or weight categories/gender Any links to private life and media intrusion is irrelevant Link to rules is irrelevant E – Focus not on method 2.

4 marks for 4 of: A. Negative image of sport causes decline in participation rates/smaller foundation base B. Spectator attendance declines C. Supporters banned from travelling/attending/matches played behind closed doors D. All supporters treated as hooligans E. Teams banned from competing/loss of points/fined F.

Sponsors/commercial deals withdrawn G. Additional cost to police events/provide more stewards H. Relationship with local community/other countries declines /negative impact for hosting future events The focus of the question is on the consequences and not the strategies used A – negative image too vague, need consequence Do NOT accept lose money – have to say how money is lost G – Has to be reference to increase need

3. Why might an elite performer commit an act of violence on the pitch?

(3 marks)

1. Over-strong desire to win/over arousal/pressure 2. May be encouraged/asked to do so by coach/team mates/pressure from sponsors/crowds 3. Player loses control due to action of opponents/referee decisions/retaliates/frustration 4. Player lacks moral/ethical restraints on personal behaviour 5. Financial rewards 6. Importance of game/cup final/equivalent 4. Explain, using examples, why an elite performer may need the protection of the law during their sporting careers.

(4 marks)

1. Opposition player fouls/protection from violence 2. Off field of play – contracts with employers/administration of wages/assets/Bosman ruling 3. Sponsorship deals/commercial deals 4. Protection from media intrusion into private life 5. Protection from hooligans during and after games 6. Maintenance of restricted areas during training/competitions 7. Protection from racism/equal opportunities

• • • • • • 5.

3 marks for 3 of:

Pressure from media; High expectation of supporters; Financial rewards; Fear of losing contract/hire and fire culture; Retaliation due to foul play; Officials decisions; • • • • • • 6.

3 marks for 3 of:

Less media coverage/reduced media income; Loss of sponsorship deals; Fewer spectators; Reduction in participation rates; Increased pressure on NGBs to eliminate poor behaviour; Money could be spent in more productive areas such as player development;

Good progress Outstanding progress

Target Grade A & B • Achieve target grade on exam questions using your notes/book where needed • Achieve target grade on exam questions recalling information from the lesson Target Grade C & D • Achieve target grade on exam questions using your notes/book where needed • Achieve target grade on exam questions using your notes/book where needed

Violence brings sport into disrepute & damages its ability to encourage children, young people & families to participate

The effect that violence has on individuals, sport & wider society

Violence of any kind brings a sport into disrepute & damages its ability to encourage children, young people & families to participate

• • • Parents are unlikely to let their children participate if: If they believe the sport is likely to bring their children into contact with violence & put their well-being at risk If children are encouraged to play inappropriately If parents & other supporters abuse officials, opponents or each other

• • • • •

Violence on the football field can have a far-reaching effect

Violence on the football field can have a far-reaching effect

• • • • • • • Fan violence may lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans & supporters Players injured as a result of foul play may have their livelihoods & careers curtailed players may have their chance at international recognition damages if whole team is not allowed to play in the competition Huge cost of policing & stewarding Reputation of the country can be affected when football fans travel abroad or is seen on television Banning of teams can have economic effects that go beyond club or the individual Effect national morale

Sport & the use of Drugs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x9KsBkU Bzo&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okw3y2h-I s&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4G8C vercw

Drugs that produce an ergogenic effect or act as an ergogenic aid - they improve performance above what might be achieved normally

Good progress

Target Grade A & B • Suggest 5 points of why performers may take drugs

Outstanding progress

• Suggest 6+ points of why performers may take drugs Target Grade C & D • Suggest 3-4 points of why performers may take drugs • Suggest 5 points of why performers may take drugs

Why do performers use drugs?

May be tempted to use them to speed recovery from injury Lack moral & ethical boundaries Pressured by coaches or team managers Not fully aware of the long term health risks Receive the wrong guidance or educational programmes or have wrong role models Why do performers use drugs?

Rewards of winning are so great Believe that ‘everybody else is doing it’ Lack physical & psychological attributes to get to the top without the use of banned drugs May not be fully aware that they are using drugs

PED’s DO NOT guarantee success

Performer still needs psychological & physiological qualities to train hard – no drug can replace that!

BUT clear that PED’s can make the difference from fourth to

GOLD!

PED’s are most common in sports that have a high proportion of closed skills – where the relationship between psychological attributes & success is most clearly linked & direct Less evidence of PED’s in highly interactive sports with many open skill situations BUT this could also be as a result of weaker testing regimes

Every sport and every national and international governing body is engaged in trying to FIND, PUNISH & PREVENT the use of PED’s by performers & coaches

How do they do this?

Battle against the use of drugs

• • • •

Testing regimes

& laboratory facilities to test performers Taking

punitive action

against those who have been proved to have used banned substances or have them within their body Trying to

educate young performers

in the ethical & moral case against the use of drugs & ensuring that they are aware of the

consequences

as a performer & on their health Ensure performers

are aware of what is allowed

& not allowed & what there responsibilities are

• What ergogenic effects do these drugs have on a performer/body?

• • Research the drug control measure for your own sport. What sanctions are you likely to face should you be tested positive? Prepare your findings as a bullet-point revision sheet for the rest of the class Look at WADA, NADO & UK Sport to see how they are involved in the battle against drugs

Home learning

DRUG

Erythropoieti n (EPO) Anabolic steroids (testosterone) Human growth hormone (HGH) Beta Blockers Diuretics Stimulants

EFFECT

It increases production of red blood cells and haemoglobin, resulting in improved movement of oxygen to the muscles. Increase muscle mass & strength Stimulates the growth of muscle, cartilage, and bone. Decrease anxiety, reduce HR Their purpose is to remove excess water from the body. Firstly to loose weight rapidly in sports which require the athlete to be within a set weight limit.

speed up the messages to and from the brain. They can make the user feel more awake, alert or confident. Stimulants increase heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure. Other effects include reduced appetite, dilated pupils, talkativeness, agitation and sleep disturbance

Drug testing of elite sports performers is expensive and often ineffective.

Discuss the suggestion that performance-enhancing drugs should be allowed in competitive sport.

(4 marks)

Exam questions

4 marks for 4 of: (sub max 2 per section) (For) 1. Spectators / sponsors / media want to see the best performance possible; 2.

Drugs are just another training aid; 3.

4.

5.

6.

Used correctly there is limited health risk; Individual choice / aware of the consequences; Performers don’t ask to be role models; Level playing field for all performers; 7.

Saves money/time on expensive testing/money could be used for education of younger athletes; 8.

Testing always one step behind the cheats/chemists/technology.

(Against) 9.

Proven health risks / side effects; 10.

Not all performers have access to doping methods/can afford drugs; 11.

Against nature of sport / unethical / cheating / contract to compete/ not use of natural ability; 12.

Negative role model for children / wider implication for society; 13.

coaches.

Other athletes pressurised into taking drugs / fear of failure / pressure from