Transcript The Crusades - Montgomery Township School District

The Crusades
An Overview
Goal
• A more well-rounded understanding of the
Crusades, when they happened, people
involved, and impact
• When you hear about the Crusades, you
will have a basic – fairly good
understanding of what happened
What’s in a name?
• Crusades took their name from the croix –
cross – that the crusaders of the First
Crusade were supposed to where
• Priests distributed red cloth croixes to the
crusaders, which they sewed onto their
shoulders
First Crusade (1095-1099)
• Urban II spoke at the Council of Clermont after
receiving a letter from Byzantine Emperor
Alexius I
• Alexius just wanted financial assistance to raise
an army of trained mercenaries to help against
the Seljuk Turks
• Urban saw it as an opportunity to liberate
Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the infidel
(Holy Land – Bethlehem – birthplace of Christ,
Cana – where Christ performed his first miracle
of turning water to wine, Nazareth – where
Christ grew up and lived, Antioch – where
followers of Jesus were first dubbed “Christians”)
First Crusade: Results
• Antioch captured from Turks in 1098
• Jerusalem after five-week siege – bloodbath
which Crusaders justified as “God’s judgment”
on the infidels
• Crusading lords pledged loyalty to Byzantine
Emperor Alexius I, which they did not honor
• Set up four states: Principalities of Antioch,
Tripoli, county of Edessa, and Kingdom of
Jerusalem
• Crusader states became increasingly
independent on Italian city-states for supplies –
Genoa, Pisa, Venice
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Called for by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in
response to reports that Muslims were
consolidating their forces and threatening the
Christian states that had been established
during the First Crusade (1144-Edessa
recaptured by Muslims)
• Not coordinated well between the armies of the
two leaders (King Louis VII of France and
Emperor Conrad of Germany)
• Not well organized
• Received no support from King of Jerusalem
• Result: Total failure
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Called for devout Christian Saint Bernard
of Clairvaux
• Saint Bernard addressed a crowd at
Vezelay Cathedral in France: “Now on
account of our sins, the sacrilegious
enemies of the cross have begun to show
their faces…What are you doing, you
servants of the cross? Will you throw to
the dogs that which is most holy?”
• What is the tone of this speech? What was
its purpose?
Third Crusade
• Richard the Lionhearted of
England
•
•
Philip Augustus of
France
• Saladin of Damascus
Frederick Barbarossa of
Germany
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187;
Christendom ablaze with new calls for a crusade
• Three monarchs: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
of Germany, Richard I the Lionhearted of
England, and Philip II Augustus king of France
• Frederick Barbarossa experienced successes in
Asia Minor but then drowned accidently while
swimming in a local river.
• Richard the Lionheart and Philip II won victories
along the coast where they had the support of
their fleets; lost as they moved inland
• Philip went home; Richard never regained
Jerusalem but negotiated with Saladin, who
allowed free passage of Christians to Jerusalem
Third
Crusade
• What’s
happening?
• Richard the
Lionhearted
executes
Muslims at
Acre –
2,700
Third
Crusade
King Richard the
Lionhearted
• What’s
happening?
• Richard the
Lionhearted
executes
Muslims at
Acre –
2,700
Knights Templar
– Knights and monks – they were warriormonks; religious zealots
– Highly-trained, very skilled and brave, and
well-equipped with the most modern weapons
of the time
– A knight could not retreat in combat unless
outnumbered by at least 3-to-1, or by
command of a superior officer, or if the
Templar Flag fell (glorious to die in battle)
– Small groups could fight well against larger
numbers of enemies (ex. Battle against
Saladin).
– The effective “squadron charge”
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
•
•
•
•
Saladin died in 1193.
Pope Innocent III called for Fourth Crusade.
French, Dutch, and Venetians will transport them
Crusaders attacked a city in Dalmatia known as
Dara (they got involved to help the Venetians
against the Byzantine Empire)
• Power struggle going on for emperor of
Byzantine Empire; one contender asks
Crusaders at Zara for help – BIG MISTAKE
• Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204
• Stole gold, jewelry, and precious furs; priests
stole holy relics
Decline of Byzantine Empire
• Disintegration into smaller states ruled by
crusading barons or Byzantine princes
• Constantinople ruled by Count Baldwin of
Flanders
• Venetians seized Crete and dominated
Constantinople’s trade
• Latin Empire (aka Western European) could not
hold onto it
• 1259 – Greeks regain control of Constantinople
and established a new Byzantine line of rulers
• Byzantine Empire never regained its strength;
made it easier for Ottoman Turks to take over
Children’s Crusade 1212
• A youth named Nicholas of Cologne said
God inspired him to lead a “Children’s
Crusade.”
• Thousands of young people travelled with
him down the Rhine River and across the
Alps; in Italy the pope told them to go
home. Most did. At the same time, 20,000
children arrived from France; they wanted
to see the Holy Land free of Muslims.
Children’s Crusade 1212
• Two ship owners in Marseilles, France
agreed to transport them
• Seven ships
• Two perished in a storm near Sardinia
• The other five sailed for North Africa where
the children were sold into slavery
Fifth Crusade (1219-1221)
• Tried to regain the Holy Land by way of
the powerful Muslim state of Egypt
• Some early successes
• Ultimate failure led to the end of papal
leadership of the western crusaders
Sixth Crusade (1228-1229)
• Led by German emperor Frederick II
• Took place without papal support
• 1228 – the emperor marched into
Jerusalem and accepted the crown as king
of Jerusalem after making an agreement
with the sultan of Egypt
• Taken without a fight and without papal
support
• Once Frederick left, the city fell to a group
of Turks who allied with the sultan of Egypt
Seventh and Eight Crusades
(1248-1254; 1270)
• Led by the pious king of France, Louis IX
• Poorly organized and complete failures
• Louis IX gained a reputation for his piety
and was canonized (ever hear of Saint
Louis? The ideal Christian king)
All Christian Stronghold Captured
by Muslims
• Remaining Christian possessions in the
east were retaken
• Acre, the last foothold of the crusaders,
surrendered in 1291
• Crusades had failed to accomplish their
primary goal of holding the Holy Land for
the Christian West.
Effects of the Crusades
• Crusader made little long-term impact on
the Middle East; only visible remnants are
their castles
Belvoir Castle/Fortress (Israel)
Effects
• Broadening of perspectives that come
from exchange between two cultures
(interaction between Christian Europe and
Muslim world was more meaningful in
Sicily and Spain than in Holy Land)
• Crusades helped stabilize Europe (violent
knights went out and got killed; no longer
disrupting development of European
nations with their quarreling)
Effects
• Italian port cities grew (Genoa, Pisa,
Venice); but growing wealth of 12th century
Europe made the Crusades possible in the
first place
• Evil side effects – first widespread
attacks on the Jews (pogroms) began
with crusades (If you were going to fight
the infidels in the Holy Land, then why not
also attack the “murderers of Christ” at
home?)
• Massacres of Jews became a regular
feature of medieval European life
1. The First Crusade was called for by
______________ at the Council of
_______________.
2. The Crusades were an attempt by
Christendom to regain Jerusalem and the
_______ _________.
3. The four crusader states established as a
result of the First Crusade were Tripoli,
__________, __________, and most
______________.
4. The Third Crusade was led by
__________ Barbarossa of Germany,
Philip Augustus of France, and _________
the ____________ of England.
5. The ________ Crusade was unlike any
others as the leader Frederick II was able
to take over Jerusalem without bloodshed.
6. At the massacre at ______ during the
Third Crusade, 2,700 Muslims were put to
death.
7. Nicholas of Cologne led the __________
___________.
8. During the Fourth Crusade, the city of
____________ was conquered and
pillaged by the crusaders leading the
decline of the Byzantine Empire.
9. Louis IX, the pious led the ________ and
________ Crusades, which were failures.
10. The __________ _________ were a
zealous group of warriors involved during
the early Crusades.