Transcript Kingdoms and Crusades - Mrs. Farr's History Class

Kingdoms
and
Crusades
Chapter 19 Lesson 3
Review of England
• Review: Late 800s,
Anglo-Saxons created
the nation of Angleland,
or England
• King Alfred of Wessex,
or Alfred the Great,
ruled from 871-899
– United England
– Halted the Vikings
advances and attacks
William the Conqueror
• A relative of Anglo-Saxon
kings who lived in France
– The Duke of Normandy
• 1066: Became the King of
England after defeating a
noble claiming the throne
• Had initial trouble earning
the Anglo-Saxons’ trust
• Seized nobles’ lands and
gave them to his Norman
knights
William the Conqueror (2)
• In order to decide how to tax the people, he created a
census and counted every human and animal
– Recorded in the Doomsday Book
• The Normans, including William, kept many AngloSaxon laws and practices
– Also brought many customs from mainland Europe
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Officials spoke French, the language of Normandy
Built Norman-styled castles, cathedrals, and monasteries
Taught new skills to artisans and weavers
Anglo-Saxons and others could still speak their own language,
which eventually became known as English
• Norman and Anglo-Saxon culture soon merged to form
a new English culture
Henry II
• 1154-1189
• Ruled England, most of Wales, and
Ireland
• Feudal lord of France and Scotland
• Set up a central royal court with
lawyers and judges
– Created a body of common law, or law
that was the same throughout the land
• Helped united England by replacing laws
that differed from place to place
– Grand Juries
• A group of citizens that meets to decide
whether people should be accused of a
crime
– Trial Juries
• If the jury agreed the person should be
accused, a trial jury then decided whether
the person was guilty or not
The Magna Carta
• Henry’s son John took control of England in 1199
• Increased taxes and punished his enemies w/o trial
• 1215: Nobles forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or Great
Charter
– Placed limits on the king’s power
– King could only collect taxes if a group of nobles met as a Great
Council and approved it
– Forced the king to uphold the rights of freemen, including the
right to fair trials by jury
– Relied on the feudal idea that the king and his noble vassals
both had certain rights and duties
– Significance: strengthened the idea that all people, regardless of
rank, have rights and that the power of the gov’t should be
limited
Edward I
• Late 1200s: King of
England
• Strengthened power of
his council
– Became known as the
Parliament
• 2 groups in the
Parliament
• Upper house and lower house
• Growth of Parliament was
an important step toward
a representative
government
Monarchy in France
• Charlemagne died in
814.
• In 843,
Charlemagne’s only
son passed away and
Charlemagne’s old
empire was divided
into three parts
(Treaty of Verdun)—
the western territory
became known as
the kingdom of
France
Hugh Capet
• 987: Hugh Capet
became the king and
created the Capetian
dynasty of French kings
– Controlled only the area
of and around Paris, the
capital
– French nobles had more
power than most of the
kings did
Philip II
• 1180: Became king of
France
• Changed the balance of
power
• Expanded French
monarchy’s wealth and
power
• Fought wars against
England to gain feudal
lands in western France
Philip IV
• King of France
• 1302: wanted to raise taxes to pay for wars
– Gained approval for his plans through his council
• Council consisted of representatives from three
estates, or classes, of French society
• 1st estate: clergy/priests
• 2nd estate: nobles
• 3rd estate: townspeople and peasants
• The meeting became known as the Estates-General
• Never became as powerful as the English Parliament
Philip IV
• Known as an “evil king”
• Very unpopular
• Inflicted horrible damage,
including starvation, on
those he defeated in battle
• Enacted anti-Semitic laws
against the Jews and
expelled them in what is
now called the “Great Exile
of 1306”
• Philip’s prime minister
successfully assassinated
Pope Benedict XI with
poison
• Raided the Templars’
treasures and arrested many
of its leaders
Byzantine Troubles
• 1000s: The Byzantine Empire came
under attack
• 1071: Muslim Turks defeated the
Byzantines and seized control of most
of the Byzantine lands in Asia Minor
• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II
for military aid to save his Christian
empire from Muslim invaders
• The Pope agreed--hoped that the result
of his help would be that the Byzantines
would reunite with the Catholic Church
and accept him as its religious leader
European Crusaders
• 1095: the pope asked Europe’s nobles to begin
a crusade, or holy war, against the Muslim
Turks
• Urged to capture Jerusalem and free the Holy
Land, where Jesus had lived, from the Muslims
Motives for a
Religious War:
• “God wills it!”
• Control of the
“Holy Land”
• Religious zeal
• Sought to
escape troubles
at home
• Sought
adventure
• Hoped for the
healing of the
schism between
the Roman and
Byzantine
churches
Why Conflict over Jerusalem?
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Significance to Jews:
– Considered the “Temple Mount”
– Called their Holy city
– Where the original Temple once stood
Significance to Christians:
– Jesus had been born in nearby Bethlehem
– Jesus had spent most of his life in Jerusalem
– Jesus was crucified on Calvary Hill, also in Jerusalem
– Also location of “the last supper”, his arrest and trial, and his ascension to heaven
Significance to Muslims:
– Dome of the Rock - was built on the rock where Muhammad was said to have sat and
prayed and it was so holy that no Muslim was allowed to tread on the rock or touch it
when visiting the Dome.
– Where Muhammad ascended to heaven
A little about what happened…
• Many Crusades over 200 years
• The First Crusade was the only one
that came close to achieving its goals
on the Christian side
• The Crusades had far-reaching
political, economic, and social impacts
• Came to an end in 1291 by Muslims
capturing the last Christian outpost in
the port city of Acre-it was a
massacre-just like Jerusalem 200
years earlier by the Christians
The 1st Crusade
• Thousands of Europeans on horseback and on
foot headed east
• 1099: Reached Jerusalem and stormed the
city
• Conquered several regions, but were
surrounded by the Muslims, making travel and
trade very dangerous
• Eventually, the Muslims
retook Edessa, sparking
the 2nd Crusade
The 2nd Crusade
• Muslims defeated the
Europeans
• 1174: Muslims
recaptured Jerusalem
– Led by the famous
general, Saladin (SA-luhDEEN)
– Triggered the 3rd
Crusade
The 3rd Crusade and Beyond
• Europeans were defeated by the Muslims
• The Europeans organized several other Crusades
(totaling 7 major crusades during the period)
• By the end of the century,
the Muslims had captured
almost all of the land taken
by the Crusaders
Effects of the Crusades on Europe:
• A bitter legacy of religious hatred
left
• Peoples of faith guilty of atrocities
in the name of religion
• Quickened the pace of changes in
Europe
• Brought W. Europeans into contact
with the Byzantines and Muslims
• Architecture: learned how to build
domes and create mosaics
• W. Europeans began to demand
Eastern goods
• Weakened Feudalism
• Kings built stronger central
governments
Changes in Europe:
• Economic Expansion
– Increased trade
– Large fleets were built
– Encouraged growth of money-money was needed to get to the Holy Land
• Increased power for monarchs
– Some monarchs helped lead the Crusades-this greatly enhanced their
power
• Byzantine Church resentment for the West (Rome) hardened
– Papal power remained dramatic
• A wider world view developed
– This view had been cut off since the fall of Rome
– Opened eyes to other people groups and their diversity
– Ex: Marco Polo-China