Transcript The Crusades - Valhalla High School

The Crusades
Question for Consideration:
Were the Crusades Successful
or Were The Crusades a Failure?
Byzantine
Byzantine
Empire
Empire
The Holy Land
The Holy Land
Starting in the
7th Century CE,
Islam spreads
from the Arabian
Peninsula
through the
Middle East,
across Africa
into Asia and
Europe.
The Empire of the Seljuk Turks at the end of
the 11th century. Very little was left of the
Byzantine Empire.
Jerusalem in the 11th Century had fallen into the hands
of the Islamic invaders - the Seljuk Turks
Jerusalem was a holy
city for the Muslims as
well as the Christians
and Jews
The Muslims did begin to
prevent Christian pilgrims
from entering the city.
Stories began to
circulate that the
Turks were torturing
and killing
Christians and
Christian
missionaries and
priests in Jerusalem
and in other cities in
the Holy Land.
Were the stories
true? Or, were they
an attempt by the
Byzantine emperor
to get help from
Christian Europe
against the Muslim
invaders?
Were the stories an
early form of
propaganda?
Propaganda has been used
throughout history to
recruit armies and stir
emotions.
We still use
propaganda to
feed hate and
encourage
people to
support causes
-- or go to war.
It wasn’t hard to find
anti-Muslim
propaganda after
9/11
In 1095 Pope Urban II issued perhaps the most
famous “call to arms” in history.
“Your brethren who live in the
east (the Christians in the
Byzantine Empire) are in
urgent need of your help, and
you must hasten to give them
the aid which has often been
promised them.”
“They have killed and captured many,
and have destroyed the churches and
devastated the empire. If you permit
them to continue thus for awhile with
impurity, the faithful of God will be
much more widely attacked by them.”
“The Turks and
Arabs have
attacked them!”
“O what a disgrace if such a despised
and base race, which worships demons,
should conquer a people which has the
faith of omnipotent God… “
“Moreover,
Christ
commands it!”
“On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech
you as Christ's heralds…to carry aid promptly
to those Christians and to destroy that vile
race from the lands of our friends.”
“All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have
immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.”
Admission to
Heaven
guaranteed…or
you money back
What social,
economic and
political system
existed in
Western Europe
at this time?
Review Questions:
What was the richest
and the single most
powerful entity in 11th
century Western
Europe?
The Church
Feudalism
What role did religion play in
the lives of the people including the nobility
How much impact
would the Pope’s call
for a crusade have?
Religion was the
most important factor
Almost like a
command
England
Holy Roman
Empire
France
Byzantine
Empire
Christian
Spain
Moorish
Spain
Raymond of Toulouse
and Godfrey of
Bouillon, lead the
First Crusade.
They lead an
army of around
35,000 men in
a holy crusade
to free the Holy
Land from the
infidels.
By the time they reach
their goal their numbers
have swelled to
100,000
Unfortunately, the religious zeal of the Crusaders and their
hatred of the “infidels” was not restricted to just the Muslims
in the Holy Land
In the German city of Mainz,
the Crusaders massacred
thousands of Jews, even those
who had taken refuge in the
Bishop’s palace.
The siege
of
Jerusalem
http://www.videosu
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om-of-heavennightbombardment50304573
An eyewitness, a Crusader, recorded the siege
of Jerusalem and the brutal actions of the
Crusders following the city’s capture:
"Exulting with joy we
reached the city of
Jerusalem on Tuesday,
June 6, and we
besieged it in a
wonderful manner…Day
and night on the fourth
and fifth days of the
week we vigorously
attacked the city on all
sides;…
Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders!
When he reached the top, all the defenders of the city quickly fled along the
walls and through the city. Our men followed and pursued them, killing and
hacking, as far as the temple of Solomon, and there there was such a slaughter
that our men were up to their ankles in the enemy's blood. . . .
Entering the city, our pilgrims pursued and killed the Saracens up to the
temple of Solomon. There the Saracens assembled and resisted fiercely all day,
so that the whole temple flowed with their blood. At last the pagans were
overcome and our men seized many men and women in the temple, killing
them or keeping them alive as they saw fit.”
The Crusaders
established a
number of
kingdoms in the
Holy Land. They
came to be known
as the “Crusader
States.”
Many were soon
reconquered by the
Turks. Even
Jerusalem was
recaptured in 1187
A Second Crusade was mounted, but the Crusaders
spent more time and energy fighting each other than
they did the Turks.
It failed miserably not even reaching the
Holy Land.
Then…….in 1189, a THIRD CRUSADE began.
This may have been the most famous -- mostly
because of the people who led the Crusade.
This time the leaders were the Kings of the
greatest states in Europe……..
Frederick
Barbarossa
of Germany
Drowned
crossing
a stream
in Turkey
Phillip II
of France
Richard I of England
Richard “the Lionhearted”
The Third Crusade
The English & French Traveled by Sea
Richard and
his army
captured the
city of Acre
after a onemonth siege,
and defeated
the Muslim
army at
Jaffa.
When the Muslim leader, Saladin, refused Richard’s terms
for a peace treaty, Richard had 2,700 prisoners executed.
Richard led his army on to Jerusalem
But, the Turks, led by their greatest leader,
Saladin, held on to the city.
The Third Crusade was never able to capture
Jerusalem. It remained in Muslim hands
(except for short periods) for another 500
years, until captured by the British Army in
1917 - in World War I
The exhausted
army of Knights
and common
soldiers
returned home
The Fourth Crusade - Never Got to the Holy Land
In 1204 the
Crusaders
attacked,
captured and
sacked
Constantinople,
the largest
Christian city in
the world and the
capitol of the
Byzantine Empire
The sack of
Constantinople
by the Fourth
Crusade widened
the schism (the
break) between
the Roman
Catholic
(Western) Church
and the Eastern
Orthodox Church
The schism has not yet
completely healed
The Crusades did not end
with the Fourth Crusade.
There was even a
Children’s Crusade.
An army of children
marched off to the
Holy Land. They
were captured by
pirates who sold
them into slavery.
Altogether there
were NINE
Crusades.
The last one
ended in 1272
CE almost 200
years after the
First Crusade
began.
Results of the Crusades
Thousands
How
might of
Crusaders
that
have died
- many of them
affected
feudal
members of the
society
in
feudal nobility.
Europe?
Causing the
eventual collapse
of The
the Empire
and
Byzantine
the Empire
spread of
was
Islam
into
permanently
southeastern
weakened
Europe.
What
The impact
Muslim
would
“infidels”
that
have
remained
on thein
history
controlofofthe
the
Middle
Holy Land.
East?
The slaughter
of thousands of
Muslims left a
legacy of hate
between the
Christians and
Muslims.
What
Theifschism
the eastern
between
& the
western
Eastern
churches
& Western
had
remained
churches together.
widened Would
after the
Christianity
sack of Constantinople.
have been even
more powerful?
OTHER, More Positive Results of the Crusades
Crusaders were exposed to Eastern culture.
Products of wanted
the East
Europeans
like spices, perfumes,
the
new
luxuries
the
and
silk were
brought
Trade routes
back to Western
Crusaders
brought Making
Europe.
opened
back from
the wars. them
between the
wealthy &
Middle East
powerful
and Venice,
Europeans
Without
those
cites
andand
Genoa
learned
advances,
the
eventually
other
about the
discovery
of
northern
&
therudder
Americas
the
centers of
Italian
cities.
thehave
might not
the Italian
compass
happened
Renaissance
Death of feudal
lords weakened
the feudal
system and
increased the
power of Kings.
Europeans
learned about
gunpowder &
other weapons
Follow-up Assignment
Historians have expressed that the
Crusades were a “successful failure.”
Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Cite examples.