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时态
王玉林
苏州吴中区甪直中学
时态
1.定义
2.种类
3.特点
1.定义
动词时态是谓语动词用来表示动作或情况发生时间的
各种形式。
2.种类
英语动词有十六种时态，常用的有八种：
一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、
过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。
一般现在时
一、一般现在时的几点用法
(1)表示经常习惯性的动作或状态。如：
Class begins at eight every day
(2))表示客观真理或公认事实。如：
The sun never rises in the west
(3)表示现时现刻的状态或情况。如：
You don't look well．What's the matter with you?
(4)表示按事先计划好的或时刻表即将发生的动作或情
况。
The welcome party begins at 2：00 this afternoon．
(5)在时间(条件)状语从句中表示将来动作或情况。如：
We’ll set out as soon as the rain stops．
二、 一般现在时代替将来时的情况
(1)当主句动词以某种形式表示将来时间或主句为祈使句式
以及主句 谓语带有一般现在时态的情态动词时，时间状语
从句动词通常用一般现在时而不用一般将来时表示将来时
间。引导时间状语从句的连词通常有：
after，while，as，before，once，until(till)，as soon as等。
Please tell him the news as soon as he comes back．
I'll do that tonight before I leave the office．
今天晚上在离开办公室之前，我一定做完这件事。
(2)在以if, unless等引导的条件状语从句中，要用一般现在
时代替将来时态。如：
We shall go unless it rains，如果天不下雨：我们就出去、
(3)在even if(even though)和in case等引导的让步状语从句中
；要用一般现在时代替将来时态。如；
Even if tomorrow's experiment is another failure，I will go
on experimenting·
即使明天的实验又失败了，我也要继续实验下去。
现在进行时的几种特殊含义
现在进行时一般表示说话时正在进行的动作或情况。
但是在许多情况下并不都表示说话时正在进行的动作，
而具有其它含义。
(A)表示现在一段时间正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。如：
Tom is working hard this term.
汤姆这学期在用功．
I'm spending a lot of more time on English than before．
(B)表示按计划安排就要发生的动作，用来代替一般将来时。
My uncle is coming this evening.I’l l meet him at the airport.
(C)表示一种经常的习惯行为。常和副词如：always，constantly，continually等
连用，往往带有讨厌、赞叹等感情色彩。如：
He is always telling lies。他好撒谎。He is constantly changing his mind．
(D)表示刚刚发生的动作。如：
Do you believe what he is telling?
你相信他说的话吗?
I don't know what you are talking about． 我不知道你们在谈论什么。
(E)表示发展中或正在改变的情况。如：
The weather is getting warmer and warmer when spring comes．
春天到了，天气越来越暖和了。
They are improving in health．他们的健康状况正在改善。
一般过去时
(1)一般过去时所表示的行为或状态都已成为过去，即现在已不复存在。
Lao Li died five years ago．老李五年前去世的。
(2)由于一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态，所以常常和确定的时间
状语连用。见的这一类状语有：yesterday，just now，last night，a few days
(months)ago，in 1990，the other day等等。
At what time did you get up yesterday?/ We visited that place three years ago．
(3)一般过去时在表达过去习惯性动作时，可以用情态动词used to，
would等表示。如： He used to be a great eater．
When evening came，we would sit on the grass，chatting happily．
夜幕降临时，我们通常坐在草地上愉快地聊天。
(4)When作疑问副词引导的特殊疑问句或名词从句，一般不能用现在完
成时。
——When did you go to visit the Great Wall?
——In 1990．
你什么时候去参观了长城? 1990年。
(5)在虚拟条件句中，如果从句表达的事实或情况和现在情况相反时，谓语
动词用一般过去时。如：
If I knew French, I would be able to read Balzac's novels
If I knew his address，I would tell you. ．
过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
形式是“was(were)+现在分词”。
其实,除了助动词be在时间上的差别，其用法完全同现
在进行时一样-例如：
I was doing my homework at this time last night．
昨晚这个时候我在做家庭作业。
He said that they were digging a canal last winter．
他说他们去年冬天在挖－条水渠。
现在完成时
(1) 现在完成时所表达的事情虽然发生在过去，但着重说
明这件事在目前的结果及对现在的影响。如：
Lao Li has been dead for five years．
(2) 因为现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响，主要说
明现在的情况，所以往往和表示“现在”在内的时间状语连
用。这些状语有：already, yet, just , never, ever，recently
(lately),up to (till) now, in (for) the past（last) few years, for three years.
I have never read a better book than this before．
Up till now，we have learned 20 English songs.
(3)由since，for引导的时间状语，通常和现在完成时连用。
Many changes have taken place since 1980．
His aunt has worked in Hangzhou for 20 years.
过去完成时
过去完成时表示的时间与现在时间不发生联系。它把时间向
前移到了过去某一时间之前，也就是“过去的过去”。如:
When she arrived, we had had lunch.
He said that he had finished his homework.
After he had completed the experiment, he went home alone.
By the end of last Friday,we had learnt 10000 words.
过去完成时的特殊用法
(1)动词think，hope，suppose，expect，want，mean等动词
用过去完成时表示过去想做但因故未曾实现的想法、希望、
计划、打算或意图等。 一般译为“本来认为想、打算...）等
意思。如
I had thought that my first teacher had died 20 years ago．
I had wanted to go to the party，but l could n't，for I was very
busy．
(2)用在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示一种与过去事实相反的
愿望。如：
How I wish I had been able to say the rules without a mistake!
I wish l had known the answer.
(3)用在as if引导的虚拟状语的从句中。如：
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales and
had passed me like a spirit。
(4)用在表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作，这时往往与时间状语
连用，如：now，by now，then，by then，in two weeks，three
years later, by the end of last…..,等.如：
Day had now broken，and he cast his net for the last time．
New China was founded and our dream had come true．
一般将来时
一般将来时表示现在看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，
其表达方式有如下几种：
(1)will(shall)+动词原形。如：
He will come to meet you at the station．
We shall begin a new lesson tomorrow．
(2)be going to+动词原形。这种结构主要用来表示：
①打算、准备在最近或将来进行某事。如：
He says he's going to buy a color TV set．
Are you going to take part in the bicycle race?
②现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生的某种情况。如：
The sun is going to come out in a minute．
(3)be to+动词原形。它通常用于：
①表示按计划、安排要发生的事。如：
I am to have dinner with Betty tomorrow evening．
The plane is to take off at 13：35。
②用于正式的指示、命令或禁止。如：
These books are not to be taken out of the room．
You are not to tell him anything about our plan．
(4)be about to+动词原形。Be about to结构与be to结构的区别
在于前者是表示即将发生的动作，即说话时与动作发生相隔
的时间更短。它不可带表示将来的时间状语。如：
Look! The race is about to start．
I'm afraid something is about to happen．
(5)一般现在时。用一般现在时表示将来，往往用于谈论时间表，
节目单或日程表上所安排好的事情。这些用法只限于某些动词，
如：begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，end，
stop，open，close等。如：
The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st．
The train leaves at 7：30 this evening．
(6)现在进行时。现在进行时可表示事先计划安排好的活动。
除上下文中意思清楚外通常需要某个表示时间的状语。这种用法
只限于某些动词，如．：go，come，leave，start，arrive等。如：
They are leaving for Nanjing early tomorrow morning．
We are spending next summer holidays in Qingdao．
(7)将来进行时。将来进行时像现在进行时一样，可以
表示已计划、
安排了的事。如：
Professor Wang will be giving a lecture On how to learn
English tomorrow afternoon．
(8)某些动词本身就表示将来时间。如：
I look forward to meeting you this Sunday．
Betty wants to come to China to see the Great Wall．
I hope to see you this weekend．
过去将来时
过去将来时表示过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
其表达
方式一般为在一般将来时的表达方式的基础上，将时态改
为过去式
He said he would help me if I was in trouble.
When he arrived, I was going out with my girlfriend.
I was about to get on the bus when someone called my name
loudly.
When she was making a dress, she cut her finger.
When Jenny was reading a newspaper, her Granny fell asleep.
While he was riding bicycle my brother fell and hurt himself.
When he saw it the UFO was traveling east to west.
1. --Where ____ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere.
--I ____ it right here, but now it's gone. (MET88)
A. did you put; have put B.B have you put; put
C. had you put; have put D. were you putting; have put
2. --When ____ again?
--When he____, I'll let you know.
(MET88)
A. he comes; come
B. will he come; will come
C. he comes; will come
D will he come; comes
D.
3. Hello, I ____ you ____ in London. How long have you been
here? ( MET88 )
A, don' t know; were
B. had n't known; are
C. haven't known; are
D.
D did n't know; were
4. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was
at least ten years since I____ a good drink. (MET88)
A
A. had enjoyed
C. enjoyed
B. was enjoying
D. had been enjoying
5. No permission has ____ for anybody to enter the building.
(MET88)
A.
A been given B. given
C. to give
D. be giving
6. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _____ when
he ____ at the party. (MET89)
A. left; had arrived
C. left; arrived
B. had left; had arrived
D. had left; arrived
D
7. My brother ____ while he ____his bicycle and hurt himself.
( MET89 )
A. fell, was riding
A
B. fell; were riding
C. had fallen; rode
D. had fallen; was riding
8. I ____ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
(MET89)
A. gave
B. was given C. was giving D. had given
B
9. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as
soon as she ____ (MET90)
A.will arrive B.B arrives C. is arriving D.is going to arrive
10.--Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--Oh, how nice of you! I ___ you ___to bring me a gift.
(MET90)A. never think; are going B
B. never thought; were going
C. did n't think; were going D.had n't thought; were going
11. When I was at college I ____ three foreign languages, but
I____ all except for a few words of each.(MET90)
A. spoke; had forgotten
B
B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten
12. The police found that the house ____ and a lot of
things____ (MET90) A. has broken into; has been stolen
B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen
DD. had been broken into; stolen
13. The volleyball match will be put off if it____ (NMET91)
A. will rain B.Brains
C. rained
D. is raining
14. Mary ____a dress when she cut her finger. (NMET91)
A. made
B. is making C.Cwas making D. makes
15. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a
book she____ in the office.(MET91)
A. had written; left
B. were writing; has left
C. C. had written; had left D D. were writing; had left
16. --Have you moved into the new house?
--Not yet, the rooms ____
(MET91)
A.
A are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
17. --We haven' t heard from Jane for a long time.
--What do you suppose____ to her? (MET91)
A. was happening B. to happen C.
C has happened D. having happened
18. --Do you know our town at all?
--No, this is the first time I ____here.
A. was
BB. have been C. came
(MET92)
D. am coming
19. --We could have walked to the station. It was so near.
--Yes, A taxi ____ at all necessary. (MET92)
A. was n't
A
B. had n't been C. would n't be D. won' t be
20. If city noises____ from increasing, people ____ shout to
be
heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.
(MET92)
A
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to
21. Tom ____into the house when no one ____ (MET92)
A
A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked
D. was slipping; looked
22. The last time I __Jane she __ cotton in the fields.
(NMET92)
A. had seen; was picking
C. had seen; picked
B. saw; picked
D
D. saw; was picking
23. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____
office soon.
(MET93)
A. leaves
B
B. would leave C. left
D. had left
24. In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.
(MET93)
A. is serving B
B. is served C. serves
D. served
25. The pen I __ I __ is on my desk, right under my nose.
(MET93) A. think; lost
C. think; had lost
BB. thought ; had lost
D. thought; have lost
26. --How long ____each other before they ____ married?
--For about a year.
(NMET93)
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D.
D had they known; got
27. My dictionary ____. I have looked for it everywhere but
still __it. (NMET93)
A. has lost; don' t find
B. is missing; don' t find
C. has lost; haven't found D D
is missing; haven't found
28. --I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
-
-Oh, not at all. I _____ here only a few minutes. (NMET94)
A.
A have been B. had been C. was
D. will be
29. --Do you like the material?
--Yes, it ____ very soft.
A. is feeling B,. fell
(NMET94)
C.
C feels
D. is felt
30. I don't really work here I ____ until the new secretary
arrives. A. just help out
B. have just helped out
CC. am just helping out D. will just help out
31.I need one more stamp before my collection
____.(NMET94)
A. has completed
C. has been completed
B. completes
D
D. is completed
32. --Your phone number again? I ____ quite catch it.
--It's 9568442
(NMET95)
A
A. did n't B. could n’t C, don't
D. can' t
33. -____ the sports meet might be put off.
--Yes, it all depends on the weather. (NMET95)
A
A. I'v e been told B. I’v e told C.. I'm told D.I told
34. You don't need to describe
her. I ____ her several times.
B
(NMET95) A. had met B I’v e met C. met
D. meet
35. I don't think Jim saw me; he __into space. (NMET95)
A. just stared B.
B was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
36. ____ my glasses?
--Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. (NMET96)
A. Do you see
B. Had you seen C. Would you see D
D. Have you seen
37. Helen __ her keys in the office so she had to wait until
____-her husband home. (NMET96)
A. has left; comes
B. left; had come
CC. had left; came
D. had left; would come
38. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ____at a radio shop
at the time. (NMET97)
A. has worked
C. had been working
BB. was working
D. had worked
39. --Who is Jerry Go per?
--____? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
(NMET97)
A. Don't you meet him yet B. Had n't you met him yet
C. Did n't you meet him yet D
D. Haven't you met him yet
40. --Alice, why did n't you come yesterday?
--I __, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET97)
A. had
B. would CC. was going to D. did
41. --Nancy is not coming tonight.
--But she ____
(NMET98)
A. promises B
B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
42. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the
lights happened to ____ (NMET98)
A. be put up B. give in
C. be turned on D.
D go out
43. They____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.
(NMET98)
A. saw
B.
B watched C. noticed
D. observed
44. Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don' t
know whether she has finished it.(NMET98)
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written
D. was writing
D
45. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the
hour. (NMET98)
A. pay
B. paying CC. paid
D. to pay
46. --Hi Tracy , you look tired.
--I am tired. I ___ the living room all day. (NMET98)
A. painted B. had painted C
C. have been painting D. have painted
47. The price __, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
(NMET 99)
A. went down B. will go down C.
C has gone down D. was going down
48. --Hey, look where you are going!
--Oh, I'm terribly sorry. ____ (NMET 99)
A. I'm not noticing B
B. I was't noticing C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
49. --Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls ?
--Yes, They have better players, so I____ them to win.
(NMET 99) A. hope
B. prefer
C. expect
C
D. want
50. Robert is said __ abroad, but I don't know what country he
studied in. (NMET 99)
A.
A to have studied
C. to be studying
B. to study
D. to have been studying
51. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind
B. Glance at C. Stare at
DD. Watch (NMET 99)
52. Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare--you must lear
to ____. (NMET2000)
A. support B. care
C. spare
DD. share
53. --You've left the light on.
--Oh, so I have. __ and turn it off. (NMET2000)
A.
A I'l l go
B. I'v e gone C. I go
D. I'm going
54. --How are you today?
-- Oh, I __ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
(NMET2000)
D D. haven't
A. did n't feel B. was n't feeling C. don't feel
felt
55. The reporter said that the UFO____ east to west when
he saw it. (NMET2000)
A
A. was traveling
B. traveled
C. had been traveling
D. was to travel
56. I ____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven't had time to
play since the new year. (NMET2001)
D
A. will play B. have played C. played
D. play
57. Visitors ____ not to touch the exhibits. (NMET2001)
A. will request B. request C. are requestingDD. are
requested
58. As we joined the big crowd I got ____ from my friends.
( NMET2001
)
A
A. separated B. spared
C. lost
D. missed
59. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy
task
A because technology ____so rapidly. (NMET2001)
A. is changing
B. has changed
C. will have changed
D. will change
60. We did n't plan our art exhibition like that but it ____
very
A well. (NMET2001)
A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on