Transcript 桐高高考英语完形填空解题技巧

高考英语完形填空
０8新高考完型填空考什么？
完型填空考的是句与句之间的：
１．信息关系
２．上下文逻辑关系
３．连贯性
完型填空六大特点:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
题材多为故事性强的记叙文.
内容完整,逻辑性强,语言结构严谨,情节
生动.
考察近义词语细微差别的辨析.
考察重点多为实词:名/代/动词/形容/副
词等.
关注语境背景知识,侧重上下关联,暗示判
断能力.
侧重于篇章,体现语用判断和内在逻辑.
完形填空所考查的能力
快速阅读
skimming
找中心句
topic sentence
理顺文章
organization
判断,推理,分析
analysis & conclusion
词汇语法
vocabulary & grammar
背景知识生活常识
background &knowledge
测试要点热点透视
情景运用,常识应用
词语辨析 （先易后难）
上下文联系
逻辑推理,归纳概括
语篇理解
完形填空题的考点设置
考核项目以实词为主，包括动词，
名词，形容词，副词。选择项的
干扰性在于考生是否能在正确把
握文章主题和语境的基础上充分
考虑到语篇的连贯性,包括结构和
意义上的连贯,以及词汇使用的逻
辑性和得体性，排除干扰，命中
答案．
一：词与词之间搭配关系举例:
1.
So it can help save on the
wear and tear on our organs,
reduce the wearing out of
the immune( 免疫的) system
and ＿__ people to feel more
vital.
A. Have B. wish
C. make D. allow
２．When Mr. Clark heard the
news, he hugged his son
and thanked him for saving
the family. He thanked God
for saving their lives and ___
what he had felt was a
tragedy into a blessing.
A. turning B. putting
C. making D. leaving
3. When discussing a
problem with an
employee, other thoughts
are ___ to enter your head.
A. likely B. certain
C. perhaps D. possibly
二：句子意义和篇章连贯性举例说明：
(1) The other girls rushed 1 me. I felt
ashamed as I fell farther and farther
behind. “Hooray!” shouted the crowd.
It was the loudest 2 I had ever heard
at a meet. The first-place runner was
two laps ahead of me when she crossed
the finishing line.
…“When I finished, I heard a cheer--louder than the one I’d heard earlier.
1. A. from behind B. ahead of
C. next to
D. close to
2. A. cheer B. shout C. cry D. noise
(2) He told me I needed to
relax because I looked
nervous . After I _1_
down, I played better.
1. A. fell B. stepped
C. slowed D. calmed
(3). (05全国卷) The man had a
newspaper 38 in front of him,
which he was 39 to read, but I
could see that he was keeping
an eye on me.
38. A. flat B. open C. cut
D. fixed
39. A. hoping
B. thinking
C. pretending D. continuing
(4). I was very thin 47 I started
football, but as a member of this
team I wouldn’t eat much, because I
was afraid of being too 48 to run.
47. A. till B. since C. before D.
because
48. A. full B. tired C. lazy D. big
(5) On 39 days, she
wore heavy clothes
and a pair of woolen
gloves…
39. A. sunny B. rainy
C. cloudy D. snowy
(6) “I’m angry with 50 . I
realize I’ve failed as a
father. I’m going to walk
home now and think
seriously about…
50. A. you B. myself C. me
D. yourself
完形填空的解题技巧
通过合理联想解题
利用首句解题
调动语法规则解题
借助词汇复现现象解题
依据上下文语境解题
运用逻辑分析判断解题
凭借背景知识解题
1、联想和推测这样的基本思维活
动始终伴随着完形填空的解题过程，
但联想和推测不能是盲目的。在一
篇文章中，我们有时候会发现一些
实词大致属于一个范畴，这就意味
着需要填空的地方有可能也是这一
范畴内的词汇，这样就确定了一定
的联想方向，在头脑中迅速罗列出
与之相关的词汇有助于我们正确判
断选项。例如：
primary school
middle school
college
university
institute
teachers professors
(tutors)
postgraduates
pupils graduates
students
school
degrees
Bachelor’s
examinations
courses
scholarship
quiz
subjects
homework
Master’s
test
lectures
cheat
Doctor’s
papers
results
mark
parents
smokers/non-smokers
children
adults
smoking
places to
smoke
public places
private places at home
waste of money
disadvantages fires--- loss
diseases--health
(harms)
laws to
forbid
ban
restrict
smoking
firemen/
firefighters
make a fire
start a fire
set fire to…
set…on fire
be on fire
fire
fight against
put out
burn… to the
fire alarm stove ground
sound (v.)the smoke
fire alarm
eg.
We were
were__42____
about to to go back for class
again when
when the headmaster called us ( together)
and said, …
42. A. about
B. able C. sorry
D. sure
eg. One day, Mrs. Nanette O'Neill gave an arithmetic
__26___ to our class. When the papers were __27_ she
discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the (same)
mistakes throughout the test.
26. A. test B. problem C. paper D. lesson
27. A. examined
B. completed
C. marked
D. answered
２、完形填空题的特点是篇幅小，起点高，
容量大。按一般的命题要求，完形填空题所
采用的短文一般不给标题，但首句往往不设
空，通常是个完整的句子，这个句子不容忽
视，它往往是全文的关键句，或者称为主导
句，（topic sentence)它是了解全文的窗口，
常常包含对解题有用的信息，由此句可判断
文章的大意乃至主题。因此，考生要充分利
用完形填空题首句的提示作用，利用它为解
题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维，争取开
局顺利。
３、对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形
填空题的命题角度之一。它需要考生不仅要理
解上下文的逻辑关系，更要针对性地对语法结
构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填词在
句子里作什么成分、哪类词适合、应采取什么
形式等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问
题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、
语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等
一系列问题。因此调动语法知识解题在完形中
是必要的，它包括根据固定句型和词，尤其是
动词的固定搭配来选择答案，或运用代词的上
下文替代作用。例如：
eg. At the beginning of this century, medical scientists made
an interesting discovery: we are built not just of flesh and
blood but also of time. They were ___to show that we all
have a “body clock”. (NMET2000)
A. anxious B. able C. change D. move
eg. Should the small change received at the store be
forgotten or returned? Nobody will know except ___. But
you have to live with yourself, and it is always better to
live with someone you respect.
A. me
B. you
C. us
D. them
此题根据下文的主语you判断，只能选B。
eg. …a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping
qualities, and too few entries and exits will not work for
___ purpose.
A. their
B. its
C. those
D. that
本句从反面说明剧院设计应符合空间的作用，四个
选项中只有its指代单数名词theater。
eg. (NMET 2001) 首句：He has been called the “missing
link”: half-man, half beast. He is supposed to live in the
highest mountain in the world Mount Everest.
文章的开篇段描述了 “missing link” 的外貌和生活地，
读懂第一句我们就可确定说明的对象是半人半兽的动
物，有助于预测全文的基本框架和内容。
４、“词汇的复现”是指某一词以原词、同义
词或近义词、概括词以及其他形式重复出现在
语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中
的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和
有机的意义整体。大体上说，词汇的复现包括：
原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、概括词
复现和注释性复现。具体指某一词以原词，指
代词，同义词，反义词概括词等重新出现在整
个文章的前后，并起到了衔接全文的作用。如
何利用词汇复现帮助我们解题呢？不妨先看看
下面的例子：
eg. How does a tooth go bad? The 51 begins in a little
crack in the enamel(珐琅）covering of the tooth. This
happens after germs and bits of food have 52 there. Then
the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth. In the end,
poison goes into blood, and we may feel quite ill. (2002,
上海春季招生）
51. A. destruction B. decay
C. fault
D. hurt
52. A. stored
B. collected C. laid
D. piled
上文中讲蛀牙如何产生。 空51和红体单词在意义上是
一致的， 属于同义词复现现象。
５、上下文是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理
的依据。通过分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，根
据上下文中对比， 因果，转折及用途等线索，
前后顺序及前后文中提示与解释的关系，猜出
文中的生词和缺失的单词，并找出信息词是做
好完形填空题的关键。近年来，完形填空题在
设计上的趋势是朝着深层化及语境化的方面挖
掘，侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格设空而言，体
现了以实词为主，虚词为辅的特点，而且几乎
不暴露明显的语言错误，词语在特定的语境中
所表达的隐含信息大都无法光凭表面理解获知。
这就大大加强了干扰项的迷惑性，从而提高了
试题的难度值。
因此，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境
的启示或限定如某个话题的总结或再现，
才能够准确做出判断。
eg. On the whole, I think I am a better person for having
gone to the school. I can read and write as well as anyone
else my age, and I can think better. That’s probably a real
big difference between the free school and regular school
－－the amount of ___. (NMET2000, 春）
A. reading
B. gardening
C. teaching D. thinking
该段落强调作者比同领人更会思考，且这一点是
free School 和正规学校的最大区别。结尾处是对上文
的总结，属于话题同现的情况。
６、完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的
过程。做题时必须把握作者的思路，使自己的
思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。在整个解
题的过程中不断地从各个角度进行合乎逻辑的
推理，进而验证推理的正确性，修正非正确性，
以达到理解全文、解决问题的目的。正确分析
推理是恰当解题的必要条件，而恰当解题又是
对题目进行正确分析推理的必然结果。因此运
用句与句之间的逻辑关系解题包括运用修饰，
因果，结构再现，连词等技巧解题。即在上下
文中寻找有关的提示或暗示，对文章的情节进
行逻辑分析，抓住关键语言信息的词语，确定
合理的答案至关重要。
eg. No man can change the weather. Nobody can
control the weather. But if we 1 correctly the signs
around us we can 2 what the more changes in the
weather will be. This way of telling what the
weather will be like the following day or two is
called weather forecasting.
1. A. see
B. look
C. read
D. watch
2. A. tell
B. speak
C. talk
D. point
上面是一段文章的开头， 开篇第三句就用了but,
由此可以推断后面的内容和人类可以认识，掌握天
气现象有关，这样就不难选出空缺的词了。
eg. The native people said they 38 (knew of ) this
creature and called it the “Yeti”, and they said that they
had 39 caught Yetis on two occasions 40 none has ever
been produced. (NMET 2001)
39. A. even
B. hardly
C. certainly
D. probably
40. A. as
B. though
C. when
D. until
39空前的两个分句存在着递进的关系， 而该句又
和后面的分句存在转折关系，据此可以判断答案。
７、完形填空题以自身的内容提供完整的语
篇信息，其间无不渗透着各类相关的常识与
知识。背景知识指的是我们平时所积累的常
识，生活经验，英语国家的风俗习惯，文化
背景，历史事件，地理位置等。考生做题时，
若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活
常识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，将
会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝
贵的时间，顺理成章地选出正确的答案。因
此，这就要求考生平时注意知识的积累，并
加强不同学科间的知识融合，有意识地了解
一些英语国家的文化背景知识，这对英语学
习和应试将大有帮助。
eg. One thing we all do now and again is to lose our 54
with a friend and close relatives. The odd thing is that we
more often display great 55 towards some one we are fond
than towards 56 . (NMET 2002 上海卷）
54. A. mind
B. memory C. manner
D. temper
55. A. anger
B. interest C. love
D. respect
56. A. strangers B. friends C. relatives
D. colleagues
在日常生活中人们通常会对亲戚朋友或者自己发脾
气，但却不在陌生人身上。 加上more…than…的句型，
则可以判断出答案了。
把握两个结构
排比结构
对比结构
排比结构指的是结构相同或相似，意思密切关联，
语气一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。命题者
常从排比结构中的关联或对比这一特点来设空。
对比，又称“对照”，属语言技巧之一。对比结
构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面
并列出来加以比较或对比、使之相辅相成，从而达
到突出主题的修辞效果。
eg. As they walked Mark 38 the boy’s name was Bill,
that he 39 computer games, baseball and history, that he
was having a lot of 40 with his other subjects and that he
had just broken 41 with his girlfriend. （2003 春，北京）
38. A. discovered B. realized
39. A. played
B. loved
40. A. questions B. ideas
41. A. up
B. out
C. said
C. tried
C. trouble
C. off
D. decided
D. made
D. doubt
D. away
注意词义辨析
完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯
用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两个方面。习惯用法
是英语中某些固定的结构形态，不能随意变动。而
在众多的习语当中，介词往往扮演最活跃的角色，
其次是副词。所以，考生应掌握习惯用法，用它来
分析破解完形填空题或许可算得上是一件秘密武器。
词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势。要做好这类题目，
非得有较大的词汇量、较强的词语搭配能力。
eg. It was the night before the composition was due.
As I looked at the list of topics (题目) , “The Art
of Eating Spaghetti (意大利面条) ” caught my
eye. The word “spaghetti” brought back the __36
of an evening at Uncle Alien‘ s in Belleville 37
all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat
38 spaghetti for supper. (NEMT 2004)
36. A.Memory B. thought C. knowledge D. experience
37. A. when
B. where
C. since
D. after
38. A. cooked
B. served
C. got
D. made
解题误区
做完形填空时，除了依据所学语言知识和解题技
巧外，还应避免几个误区。
1、单纯求快，忽略语篇理解，只看局部的词义辨析、
搭配和语法结构，试图用语言知识解决所有问题。很
多考生一拿到完形填空题就急于选择答案，不认真分
析通篇文章。表面上解题速度挺快，但是这种见树不
见林的做法只会影响解题的质量的效率。
2、时间安排不当，在几个选项上过分纠缠，追求完
美，导致许多本可以做出的题来不及做。正确的做法
是由易到难，先做会
我们做题时存在的主要问题:
1. 简单地把所选答案代入空
格, 翻译.
2. 同义词用法的辨析不清.
3. 做题时的急噪或畏惧心理.
由“完型填空”这一题目要
明白：
这一道题主要从篇章的整体
性和连贯性考察．
因此，我的建议(1)：遇到不
熟悉或难选项，找联系
（上下文）．
我的建议(2)
做完完型填空后, 花2-3分钟左
右时间进行复查你做的答案,不
是简单的把你所选择的答案代
入空格,而是找找你所选择的答
案在文章中有没有有联系,尤其
是那些你没有十足把握的选项!
三步法：
 第一步，从搭配上判断
 第二步，分析句子意义
 第三步，阅读后根据上下文，找到其
意义关系之间的逻辑关系，尤其注意
句子的因果关系，另外还有举例关系
和解释／说明关系