Transcript CHAPTER 22 Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870–1914

CHAPTER
Twenty-two
Imperialism and Colonialism,
1870–1914
Introduction
• Britain, France, Egypt, and the Suez
Canal
• Technology, money, and politics
• Western superiority
Imperialism
• Definitions
• The process of extending one state’s control
over another
• Formal imperialism
• Colonialism or direct control
• Colonizing countries annexed territories outright
• Established new governments
• Informal imperialism
• Allowed weaker state to maintain its
independence while reducing its sovereignty
• Carved out zones of European sovereignty and
privilege
Imperialism
• Imperialist endeavors
• Europeans took up 90 percent of Africa
(1875–1902)
• Small group of European states colonized
one-quarter of the world’s lands (1870–
1900)
Imperialism
• Eighteenth-century losses
• The British in the North American colonies
• French Atlantic trade
• Spanish and Portuguese in South America
Imperialism
• Nineteenth-century imperialism
• Appeared against the backdrop of
industrialization, liberal revolutions, and the
rise of nation-states
• The need for raw materials
• Bringing progress to the world
• Imperialists sought to distance themselves
from earlier histories of conquest
Imperialism
• Nineteenth-century imperialism
• Colonial resistance and rebellion forced
Europeans to develop new strategies of rule
• The British granted self-government to Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand
• Nineteenth-century empires established
carefully codified racial hierarchies
• Guided more by “settlement and discipline”
than independent entrepreneurial activity
• The creation of new kinds of interaction
between Europeans and indigenous
Imperialism
• The new imperialism and its causes
• Economic arguments
• London as the banker of the world
• Demand for raw materials made colonization a
necessary investment
• Strategic and nationalist motives
• International rivalries fueled the belief that national
interests were at stake
• The French supported imperialism as a means of
restoring national honor
• The link between imperialism and nation building
Imperialism
• The new imperialism and its causes
• The cultural dimension
• David Livingston (1813–1873) and putting an
end to the African slave trade
• Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) and the “white
man’s burden”
• Civilizing the barbaric and heathen quarters
• Imperial policy
• Less a matter of long-range planning
• More a matter of quick responses to
improvised situations
Imperialism in South Asia
• India and the British Empire
• The “jewel of the British Crown”
• The British East India Company
• Had its own military divided into European and
Indian divisions
• Held the right to collect taxes on land from Indian
peasants
• Held legal monopolies over trade in all goods
(the most lucrative was opium)
• Constituted a military and repressive
government
Imperialism in South Asia
• The Sepoy Rebellion (1857–1858)
• Uprising began near Delhi
• Social, economic, and political grievances
• Indian peasants attacked law courts and
burned tax rolls
• A protest against debt and corruption
• Hindu and Muslim leaders denounced
Christian missionaries
• The British response
• Systematic campaign of repression
Imperialism in South Asia
• After the mutiny—reorganizing the Indian
empire
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New strategies of British rule
East India Company was abolished
British raj governed directly
Military reorganization
Reform of the civil service
Missionary activity subdued
Imperialism in South Asia
• India and Britain
• British indirect rule sought to create an
Indian elite to serve British interests
• Large social group of British-educated
Indian civil servants and businessmen
• Provided the leadership for an Indian nationalist
movement
Imperialism in China
• Europe and China
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Forced trade agreements
Set up treaty ports
Established outposts of missionary activity
British aimed to improve terms of the China
trade
Imperialism in China
• The opium trade
• A direct link between Britain, British India,
and China
• Opium one of the few products Europeans
could sell in China
• A triangular trade
Imperialism in China
• The Opium Wars (1839–1842)
• Treaty of Nanking (1842)
• British trading privileges
• Hong Kong
• The second Opium War
• Britain granted further rights
• Other countries demand similar rights and
economic opportunities
• The Taiping Rebellion (1852–1864)
• Radical Christian rebels challenged the authority of
the emperor
• China’s agricultural heartland was devastated
Imperialism in China
• The Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• The Boxers
• Secret society of men trained in martial arts
• Antiforeign and antimissionary
• Attacked foreign engineers, destroyed railway
lines, and marched on Beijing
• The European response
• Great powers drew together
• Repression of the Boxers
• The rebellion highlighted the vulnerability of
European imperial power
Imperialism in China
• Russian imperialism
• Policy of annexation
• Southern colonization
• Georgia (1801)
• Bessarabia, Turkestan, and Armenia
• Brought Russia and Britain close to war,
especially over Afghanistan
• The “Great Game”
• Toward the east
• The Russo-Japanese War (1905)
• Russian naval forces were humiliated
The French Empire and the
Civilizing Mission
• The French in Algeria
• Algeria as a settler state
• Not all settlers were French
The French Empire and the
Civilizing Mission
• The French in Algeria
• After 1870—the “civilizing mission”
• Reinforcing the purpose of the French republic and French
prestige
• Jules Ferry (1832–1893) argued for expansion into
Indochina
• French acquisitions
• Tunisia (1881)
• Northern and central Vietnam (1883)
• Laos and Cambodia (1893)
• Federation of French West Africa (1895)
• Rationalizing the economic exploitation of the area
• “Enhancing the value” of the region
• Public programs served French interests only
The Scramble for Africa and the
Congo
• The Congo Free State
• The 1870s
• A new drive into central Africa—the fertile valleys of the
Congo River
• European colonizers under the Belgian king, Leopold II
(1835–1909, r. 1865–1909)
• Herbert M. Stanley and his “scientific” journeys
• International Association for the Exploration and
Civilization of the Congo (1876)
• Signed treaties with local elites
• Opened the Congo to commercial exploitation (palm oil,
rubber, diamonds)
• The Congo Free State
• Actually run by Leopold’s private company
• Slave trade suppressed in favor of free labor
• The Congo becomes a Belgian colony (1908)
The Scramble for Africa and the
Congo
• The partition of Africa
• Colonial powers increase their holdings in
Africa (1880s)
• Germany
• Bismarck was a reluctant colonizer
• Seized strategic locations (Cameroon and
Tanzania)
• France
• Aimed to move eastward across the continent
The Scramble for Africa and the
Congo
• The partition of Africa
• Britain
• Southern and eastern Africa
• Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902)
• Made a fortune from South African diamond mines
• Personal goal was to build an African empire founded
on diamonds
• Carved out territories in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi,
and Botswana
• The “Cape-to-Cairo” railway
• Making Britain self-sufficient
Imperial Culture
• Images of empire
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Images of empire were everywhere
Advertising
Museums displayed the products of empire
Music halls and imperial songs
Imperial Culture
• Empire and identity
• The “civilizing mission” of the French
• Bringing progress to other lands
• Women and empire
Imperial Culture
• Theories of race
• Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882)
• The Inequality of the Races (1853–1855)
• Race as the master key to understanding the
world’s problems
• The racial question overshadowed all others
• Slavery proved the racial inferiority of the slave
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927)
• Making racial theory more scientific
• Tied racial theories to Darwinism and Herbert
Spencer
Imperial Culture
• Theories of race
• Francis Galton (1822–1911)
• Eugenics—the science of improving the racial
qualities
• Selective breeding
• The rhetoric of progress, the civilizing
mission, and race
• Provided a rationale for imperial conquest
Imperial Culture
• Critics
• Joseph Conrad argued that imperialism
signified deep problems
• The Pan-African Congress (1900)
• The problem of the twentieth century is the
problem of race
Imperial Culture
• Colonial culture
• Colonialism created new hybrid cultures
• Annexed areas as laboratories for creating
orderly and disciplined societies
• Worry over preserving national traditions
and identity
• Should education be Westernized?
• Fraternization with indigenous peoples might
undermine European power
• Sexual relations
• Compromises about “acceptability”
Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the
Twentieth Century
• Europe in 1900
• Crisis
• Sharp tensions between Western nations
• The expansion of European economic and
military commitments to territories overseas
• Fashoda (1898)
• Britain and France faced one another for
dominance of Africa
Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the
Twentieth Century
• South Africa: The Boer War
• Afrikaners (Boers)—Dutch and Swiss
settlers who had arrived in the early
nineteenth century
• Afrikaners set up two free states—Transvaal
and the Orange Free State
• Afrikaners and British went to war (1899)
• British army was completely unprepared for
war
Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the
Twentieth Century
• South Africa: The Boer War
• British government refused to compromise
• The British eventually seized Pretoria
• A guerrilla war dragged on for three years
• British used concentration camps where
Afrikaner citizens were rounded up
• The Union of South Africa—British and
Boers shared power
Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the
Twentieth Century
• U.S. imperialism
• Spanish-American War (1898)
• Antecedents
• War with Mexico in the 1840s
• The conquest of new territories
• Texas and California
• Conflict with Spain
• Spanish imperial authority faced problems in the Caribbean
and Pacific colonies
• American press sided with the rebels
• The United States stepped in to protect its economic
interests
• Spanish defeat undermined the Spanish monarchy
Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the
Twentieth Century
• U.S. imperialism
• The annexation of Puerto Rico and
protectorate over Cuba
• Panama
• U.S.-backed rebellion in 1903
• Recognized Panama as a republic
• The Panama Canal (1914)
• Intervention in Hawaii and Santo Domingo
• Renewed missionary activity
Conclusion
• Rapid extension of formal European
control
• The West as a self-consciously imperial
culture
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter 22.
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