THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 9 1700 - 1900

Industrialism Begins

 Industrialism  New economic system  Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power  Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages  Began urbanization  Began in the “textile” industry  Woven cloth

The Textile Industry

Section I: The Beginnings of Industrialization  Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Begins in the mid 1700s  New Ways of Working  The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods  The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way  Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences   Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods  Rotating Crops  Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion  Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

Crop Rotation

Why did the IR begin in Britain?

 Britain had all of the factors of production  Land, labor, and capital  Britain had the necessary natural resources  Coal, iron, rivers, harbors  Expanding economy encouraged development

Inventions Spur Industrialization  Changes in the Textile Industry  Flying Shuttle (1733)  John Kay  Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)  Spinning Jenny (1764)  James Hargreaves  One spinner could work eight thread at a time

Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)  Water Frame (1769)  Richard Arkwright  Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)  Power Loom (1787)  Edmund Cartwright  Sped up the weaving process

The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney

Inventions Spur Industrialization  Changes in the Textile Industry (cont)  Cotton Gin (1793)  Eli Whitney  Multiplied the amount of cotton produced  Development of Factories  Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing  First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

The First Factories

Improvements in Transportation  Steam Engine   Need for cheap, convenient power James Watt improves the steam engine  Water Transportation  First steamboat “Clermont”  Robert Fulton in 1807  Road Transportation    British roads are improved Companies operate toll roads Beginning of the railroad

James Watt and the Steam Engine

Robert Fulton and the Clermont

The Railway Age Begins

 Railroad Revolutionize Life  The Railroad System  Spurs industrial growth  Creates jobs  Provides cheaper transportation  Boosts many industries  Causes people move to cities

The Railway Age Begins  First Railroad Line  George Stephenson (1825)  Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829)  Used Stephenson’s “Rocket”  World’s best locomotive

II. Industrialization

 Industrialization Changes Life  Factory Work  Pays more than farms  Spurs the demand for more expensive goods  Rise of Industrial Cities  Urbanization – movement of people to city  Population growth provides work force, markets for goods  Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

The Working Class

 Living Conditions  Rapid Urbanization caused:  Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection  Urban slums  Disease and sickness spread quickly  Life span is only 17 years  Lack of sanitary & building codes

The Working Class

 Working Conditions  Average workday – 14 hours  6 days a week, year round/7 days in the U.S.

 Dirty, poorly lit factories  Numerous injuries and death  No health insurance  No labor laws  Eventually replaced by machines  Huge population means large unemployment

The Rise of the Middle Class

 The Middle Class  Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class  Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, and professionals  Had a comfortable standard of living  Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution  Immediate Benefits  Creates jobs  Enriches nation  Encourages technological progress  Education expands  Cheaper goods, including clothing  Long Term Effects  Improved standard of living  Improved working conditions  Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

III. Industrialization Spreads

 The Rise of Corporations  Stock  Limited ownership rights for company  Sold to raise money  Corporation  Company owned by stockholders  Share profits not debts  Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

The Impact of Industrialization

 Rise of Global Inequality  Wealth gap between nations widens  Non-industrialized nations fall further behind  Imperialism spreads  Need for raw materials and new markets  European nations & US exploit colonies for resources

The Impact of Industrialization

 Transformation of Society  Europe & US gain economic power  African and Asian countries lag behind  Still based on agriculture  Rise of the Middle Class strengthens democracy Begins calls for reform

IV. Philosophers of Industrialization  Laissez-faire Economics  Policy of not interfering with business  “The Wealth of Nations”  Published by Adam Smith  Defended free markets & laissez-faire  Economic liberty guarantees economic progress  Economic natural laws  Self-interest  Competition  Supply and Demand

The Economists of Capitalism

 Capitalism  System of privately owned businesses seeking profits  Malthus and Ricardo  Thomas Malthus  Believed populations grew faster than the food supply  Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result  David Ricardo  Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

Ricardo Malthus

Utilitarianism and Utopia

 Utilitarianism  Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)  Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS Mill)  Utopian Society  Established by Robert Owen  Community that improved worker conditions and provided cheap housing  Located in New Harmony, Indiana

The Rise of Socialism

 Socialism  Factors of production owned by, operated for the people  Power of the Government  Government control can end  Poverty  Bring equality

Radical Socialism – Karl Marx

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The Communist Manifesto

 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels  Fundamental Beliefs   Society divided into warring classes The “haves”   Employers or bourgeoisie The “have-nots”  The workers or proletariat  Prediction  The workers will overthrow the owners

The Future According to Marx

 Capitalism will destroy itself  Inequality would cause workers to revolt  This would lead to communism  Society where people own and share the means of production

Labor Unions and Reform Laws  What is a union?

 Association formed by laborers to work for change  What do they do?

 Negotiate for better wages and conditions  Who were the first to do this?

 Skilled workers are the first to unionize  How were they able to do this?

 Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

Labor Unions and Reform Laws  Reform Laws  Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization  Examples of reform laws  Maximum workday  Ending or limiting of child labor

The Reform Movement Spreads  Abolition of Slavery  Reformers help to end slavery  In British Empire (1833)  The Americas (1888)  Fight for Women’s Rights  Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848  Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)

Other Reforms

 Free public education  Established in Europe by late 1800s  Established in US by 1850s  Prison reform also sought

Nineteenth Century Progress

 Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier  Thomas Edison  Granted over 1000 patents from his research  Including the light bulb

Nineteenth Century Progress

 Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont)  Alexander Graham Bell  Invented the telephone (1876)

Nineteenth Century Progress

 Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier  Guglielmo Marconi  Invented the radio (1895)

Nineteenth Century Progress

 Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier  Henry Ford  Lowers the cost of the automobile using the assembly line

Nineteenth Century Progress  Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier  The Wright Brothers  Develop the first working airplane

Nineteenth Century Progress

 New Ideas in Medicine  Medical research leads to  Development of vaccines  Improvement in sanitation  Louis Pasteur  Discovered the bacteria cause disease  Joseph Lister  Links bacteria to surgical problems  Begins the sterilization process of tools

Nineteenth Century Progress

 New Ideas in Science  Beginning of numerous branches:  Archeology  Sociology  Anthropology  Psychology

Nineteenth Century Progress

 New Ideas in Science  Charles Darwin  Theory of Evolution  Gradually over time species evolve  Gregor Mendel  Discovers patterns to inherited traits  Begins the science of genetics

Nineteenth Century Progress

 New Ideas in Science (cont)  John Dalton  Theorizes that all matter is made of atoms  Dmitri Mendeleev  Creates Periodic Table of the Elements  Marie and Pierre Curie  Discover radioactivity

Nineteenth Century Progress

 New Ideas in Science (cont)  Ivan Pavlov  Human actions are unconscious reactions  Sigmund Freud  Studied the unconscious mind

Ivan Pavlov

Nineteenth Century Progress  Development of Mass Culture  1800s saw the creation of  Movie Theaters  Professional Sports  Boxing  Baseball

THE END