THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Transcript THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 9
1700 - 1900
Industrialism Begins
Industrialism
Before industrialism most people lived in small
farming villages
New economic system
Rely on machinery rather than animal and human
power
Began urbanization
Began in the “textile” industry
Woven cloth
Section I: The Beginnings of
Industrialization
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
New Ways of Working
Begins in the mid 1700s
The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made
goods
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences
Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned
by village farmers
Enclosures allow experimentation with new
agricultural methods
The Beginnings of
Industrialization
Rotating Crops
Crop rotation –
switching crops each
year to avoid soil
depletion
Selective Breeding –
Livestock breeders
allow only the best to
breed, improve the food
supply
Selective Breeding
Why did the IR begin in Britain?
Britain
had all of the factors of
production
Land,
labor, and capital
Britain
had the necessary natural
resources
Coal,
iron, rivers, harbors
Expanding
economy encouraged
development
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes
Flying
in the Textile Industry
Shuttle (1733)
John Kay
Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
Inventions Spur Industrialization
(cont)
Spinning
Jenny (1764)
James Hargreaves
One spinner could work eight thread at a time
Inventions Spur Industrialization
(cont)
Water
Frame (1769)
Richard Arkwright
Machines could now be powered by water, not
just hand
Inventions Spur Industrialization
(cont)
Power
Loom (1787)
Edmund Cartwright
Sped up the weaving process
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes
Cotton
in the Textile Industry (cont)
Gin (1793)
Eli Whitney
Multiplied the amount of cotton produced
Development
of Factories
Buildings that contain machinery for
manufacturing
First factories needed to be near rivers for
water power
The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney
The First Factories
Improvements in Transportation
Steam
Need for cheap, convenient power
Steam becomes important source of energy
James Watt improves the steam engine
Water
Transportation
First steamboat “Clermont”
Robert Fulton in 1807
Road
Engine
Transportation
British roads are improved
Companies operate toll roads
Beginning of the railroad
James Watt
and the Steam Engine
Robert Fulton and the Clermont
The Railway Age Begins
Railroad
Revolutionize Life
The Railroad System
Spurs
industrial growth
Creates jobs
Provides cheaper transportation
Boosts many industries
Causes people move to cities
The Railway Age Begins
First
Railroad Line
George
Stephenson (1825)
Liverpool-Manchester
Used
Line (1829)
Stephenson’s “Rocket”
World’s best locomotive
II. Industrialization
Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
Pays more than farms
Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
Rise of Industrial Cities
Urbanization – movement of people to city
Population growth provides work force, markets for
goods
Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool,
Birmingham
The Working Class
Living
Conditions
Rapid Urbanization caused:
Cities
without adequate housing,
education, and police protection
Urban slums
Disease and sickness spread quickly
Life span is only 17 years
Lack of sanitary & building codes
The Working Class
Working Conditions
Average workday – 14-16 hours
6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories
Numerous injuries and death
No health insurance
No labor laws
Eventually replaced by machines
Huge population means large unemployment
The Rise of the Middle Class
The
Middle Class
Factories
helped to create a new group of
people – the middle class
Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers,
managers, and professionals
Had a comfortable standard of living
Looked
down upon by aristocrats and
landowners
Positive Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
Creates jobs
Enriches nation
Encourages technological progress
Education expands
Cheaper goods, including clothing
Long Term Effects
Improved standard of living
Improved working conditions
Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements
III. Industrialization Spreads
The Rise of Corporations
Stock
Corporation
Limited ownership rights for company
Sold to raise money
Company owned by stockholders
Share profits not debts
Large corporations attempt to control as
much business as they can
The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
Wealth gap between nations widens
Europe & US gain economic power
Non-industrialized nations fall further behind
Imperialism spreads
African and Asian countries lag
Still based on agriculture
Need for raw materials and new markets
European nations & US exploit colonies for
resources
Transformation of Society
The Middle Class gains influence and power
Begins calls for reform
IV. Philosophers of
Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
Policy of not interfering with business
“The Wealth of Nations”
Published by Adam Smith
Defended free markets & laissez-faire
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws
Self-interest
Competition
Supply and Demand
The Economists of Capitalism
Capitalism
System of privately owned businesses seeking
profits
Malthus and Ricardo
Thomas Malthus
Believed populations grew faster than the food supply
Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and
poverty result
David Ricardo
Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap
labor
Malthus
Ricardo
Utilitarianism and Utopia
Utilitarianism
Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)
Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS
Mill)
Utopian Society
Established by Robert Owen
Community that improved worker conditions and
provided cheap housing
Located in New Harmony, Indiana
The Rise of Socialism
Socialism
Factors
of production owned by, operated
for the people
Power
of the Government
Government
control can end
Poverty
Bring equality
Radical Socialism – Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Fundamental Beliefs
Society divided into warring classes
The “haves”
Employers or bourgeoisie
The “have-nots”
The “haves” vs. the “have-nots”
The workers or proletariat
Prediction
The workers will overthrow the owners
The Future According to Marx
Capitalism
will destroy itself
Inequality would cause workers to revolt
This
would lead to communism
Society where people own and share the
means of production
What are the “means of production”?
Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
What is a union?
What do they do?
Negotiate for better wages and conditions
Who were the first to do this?
Association formed by laborers to work for change
Skilled workers are the first to unionize
How were they able to do this?
Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Reform
Laws
Laws were passed to stop abuses of
industrialization
Examples of reform laws
Maximum
workday
Ending or limiting of child labor
The Reform Movement Spreads
Abolition
of Slavery
Reformers
help to end slavery
In British Empire (1833)
The Americas (1888)
Fight
for Women’s Rights
Pursuit
of economic and social rights as
early as 1848
Founding of the International Council for
Women (1888)
Other Reforms
Free
public education
Established
in Europe by late 1800s
Established in US by 1850s
Prison
reform also sought
Focus
on rehabilitation
Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors
Make Life Easier
Thomas Edison
Granted over 1,000 patents
from his research
Including the light bulb
Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors
Make Life Easier (cont)
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
(1876)
Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions
and Inventors Make Life
Easier
Guglielmo
Marconi
Invented the radio (1895)
Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and
Inventors Make Life
Easier
Karl Benz
Invented the
automobile in 1885
Henry Ford
Lowers the cost of the
automobile using the
assembly line
Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and
Inventors Make Life
Easier
The Wright Brothers
Develop the first
working airplane
Nineteenth Century Progress
New
Ideas in Medicine
Medical
research leads to
Development of vaccines
Improvement in sanitation
Louis
Pasteur
Discovered the bacteria cause disease
Joseph
Lister
Links bacteria to surgical problems
Begins the sterilization process of tools
Nineteenth Century Progress
New
Ideas in Science
Beginning
Archeology
study of people and societies
Anthropology
study of society through material remains
Sociology
of numerous branches:
study of the origin, the behavior, and development of
humans
Psychology
study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors
Nineteenth Century Progress
New
Ideas in Science
Charles
Theory of Evolution
Gradually over time species evolve
Gregor
Darwin
Mendel
Discovers patterns to inherited traits
Begins the science of genetics
Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science (cont)
John Dalton
Dmitri Mendeleev
Theorizes that all matter is made
of atoms
Creates Periodic Table of the
Elements
Marie and Pierre Curie
Discover radioactivity
Marie becomes the first woman
to win the Nobel Peace Prize
(Science)
Nineteenth Century Progress
New
Ideas in Science (cont)
Ivan
Pavlov
Human actions are unconscious reactions
Sigmund
Freud
Studied the unconscious mind
Ivan Pavlov
Nineteenth Century Progress
Development
1800s
of Mass Culture
saw the creation of
Movie Theaters
Professional Sports
Boxing
Baseball
THE
END