Transcript 20th Century Since 1945 - Salmon River High School

20th Century Since 1945
Key Terms and People
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1. Iron Curtain: Imaginary line separating East (Communism)
and West Europe (Democracy).
2. Satellite: Countries controlled by the Soviet Union in
Eastern Europe.
3. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization which was led by
the US who promised to protect each other if attacked.
4. Warsaw Pact: Soviet led response to NATO (Eastern
Europe).
5. Containment: Contain Communism (Stop the spread).
6. Cold War: War without actually fighting between the US
and the Soviet Union.
7. Nonaligned Nation: Countries not on a side.
Describe the government
set up by the allies in
Germany after WWII.
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Democratic: Let people in.
The Cold War
What were the fundamental differences
between the two competing
superpowers in the Cold War?
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US:
Democracy, free market.
Soviet Union:
Communist, non-free market.
What are the Truman Doctrine and Marshall
Plan and how are they responses to Soviet
expansion?
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Truman:
Economic and military program to
resist Soviet aggression.
Marshall Plan:
Economic aid package to strengthen
democratic governments and lessen
Communist appeal.
What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift?
What was its effect on Germany?
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Soviets blockaded Berlin trying to
force allies out.
Divided the Government.
Why were NATO and the
Warsaw Pact formed?
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To protect each other.
What happened when countries wanted
to be free of Soviet control? Give 2
examples
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Soviets would crush the revolt.
Hungary: 1956
Czechoslovakia: 1968.
How did the Cold War
lead to an arms race?
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Each side wanted to be more powerful
to be able to defeat the other.
Key Conflicts:
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Korean War:
Korea was divided into Communist
North and Democratic South.
US tried to stop it.
Vietnam War
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People:
Ho Chi Minh (Communist) and Ngo
Ding Diem (Non-Communist)
Tried to prevent Vietnam from
Communism.
Arab States and Israel:
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Conflicts:
7 Day War and Yom Kippur War.
People:
General Abdel Nasser (Egypt),
Menachem Begin (Israel), Anwar
Sadat (Egypt)
US supported Israel, USSR supported
Arabs.
Iran and Iraq
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Conflicts:
Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran-Iraq
War.
People:
Shah of Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini.
US supported anti-Communist Shah.
Soviets supported Iran in Iran-Iraq
war.
Economic Issues in Post
War Era
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1. Developed Nation: countries with modern agriculture,
industries, advanced technology (US, Japan, Russia, Western
Europe).
2. Developing Nation: Nations without modern industrial
economies and limited resources.
3. Mixed Economy: Combination of Command and Market
Economies.
4. European Union: European countries that joined together
to eliminate tariffs, make trade easier.
5. Balance of Trade: How much you export compared to how
much you import.
6. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum and Exporting Countries.
Market Vs. Command
Economies
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Capitalism:
People own things, People (Businesses)
make decisions, Goods and services are
distributed by Demand.
Communism:
Government owns things, Government
makes decisions, Government distributes
things.
3 economic problems
developing nations in Latin
America face:
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1. Too much debt.
2. Population Explosion.
3. Relying on Cash Crops.
List and Explain 5 obstacles
to progress in Africa:
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1. Population and Poverty:
Too many people and not enough food.
2. Land/Climate:
Climate and land poor, difficult to grow crops.
3. Economic Dependence:
Rely on others, too much debt.
4. Economic Policies:
Failed Socialism. Too many cash crops.
5. Political:
Dictators, military takeovers, ethnic conflicts.
How has the worldwide demand for oil
changed the balance of power in the
Middle East?
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Middle Eastern countries have $,
buying power and control the world’s
economy.
Chinese Communist
Revolution
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1. Mao Zedong:
Leader of the Communists in the 1930.
2. Deng Xiaoping:
Took over for Mao in 1976.
3. Cultural Revolution:
Attempt to renew people’s loyalty to Communism and
establish a more equitable society.
4. Great Leap Forward:
Mao wanted to increase agricultural and industrial output.
5. Tiananmen Square:
Demonstrators occupied an area looking for rights and
freedoms. Government sent in troops to break it up.
Why were Mao and the Communists
victorious over Jiang and the
Nationalists in China’s Civil War?
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1. Mao won support of the peasant
population of China by promising to
give the peasant population land.
The Great Leap Forward
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Goal:
Increase farm and factory output.
Methods:
Communes (Farms) and production quotas.
Results:
Program fails, 2 years of hunger and low
production.
Cultural Revolution
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Goals:
Renew Communist loyalties.
Methods:
Red Guards attack professors and other
officials by following the Little Red Book.
Results:
Economy slows, people afraid, lost
generation.
Four Modernizations:
Deng
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1. Farming methods modernized and
mechanized.
2. Industry upgraded and expanded.
3. Science and technology promoted
and developed.
4. Defense systems and military forces
improved.
What was the significance of
the Tiananmen Square
uprising?
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Importance for communist leaders to
keep control.
People in China had few rights.
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Collapse of European Imperialism
Why did Britain grant
India independence?
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Because India’s control for it had
weakened, and the policy of passive
resistance had made Britain look bad.
What are the 2 dominant
ethnic groups in India?
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Muslim and Hindu.
How did Britain try to
solve the ethnic division?
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British officials drew borders that
would create Hindu India and Muslim
Pakistan.
Why sort of government
does India have?
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Democracy
Why does India follow a
policy of nonalignment?
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It allowed India to accept help from
both capitalist and socialist nations.
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Independent Nations in Africa
How did WWII increase the
desire for African
independence?
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1. Many Africans had fought in the
war, and they resented returning
home as second class citizens.
2. Many had migrated to cities and
were exposed to nationalist ideas.
3. The Atlantic Charter had set forth
the idea of self-determination for all
nations.
Who is Kwame Nkrumah
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Led the independence movement in
the Country of Ghana.
Used Pan-Africanism to try to united
Africans.
Who is Jomo Kenyatta?
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Led the independence movement in
Kenya.
Africa still has many
economic links from
colonialism. Describe:
Trade patterns:
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Europeans had set up economies that
depended on the export of raw
materials and cash crops. Many
African nations still rely on trading
those single products.
Exports:
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African nations export a very select
few products. When the prices of
those products drop, there economies
are devastated.
Manufactured Goods
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African countries rely on importing
manufactured goods from European
countries.
How did the borders drawn by
colonial powers eventually
contribute to civil war in Africa?
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Because Europeans did not regard
African tribal lines at all, they often
had different tribes fighting with each
other for control of land inside of a
country.
Give some examples of
Apartheid in South Africa:
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Black Africans and other nonwhites
had to live in certain zones.
Separate trains, beaches, schools, etc.
Interracial marriages banned.
What was the purpose of
the ANC?
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Opposed apartheid, by using civil
disobedience and boycotts.
Led by Nelson Mandela.
Conflict and Change in
the Middle East
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1. Palestinian Liberation Organization: led by Arafat, wanted
to gain Palestine back for the Palestinians.
2. Yasir Arafat: Leader of the PLO.
3. Camp David Accord: Peace agreement between Israel
(Begin) and Egypt (Sadat).
4. Ayatollah Khomeini: Leader of the Iranian Revolution.
5. Saddam Hussein: Leader of Iraq.
6. Persian Gulf War: War between Iraq and a coalition after
Iraq invaded Kuwait.
7. Islamic Fundamentalism: Reform by people who opposed
westernization and wanted to apply Islamic principles to the
problems in their nation.
8. Balfour Declaration: Support for Zionism by the British after
WWI
What impact has geography had on the
culture and history of the Middle East?
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Oil brought power to those countries
in the Middle East which had oil. Has
also led to war.
Limited water supply, because of the
deserts, has led to limited water
supply and arguments over water
rights.
How has diversity in the
Middle East affected its
recent history?
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It has led to many wars between
those that are Jewish (Israel) and
those that are Arab (Islamic).
Look at the map on page 310. What countries
border Israel? What effect does Israel’s
location have on its relationship with its
neighbors?
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Countries on Israel’s border: Jordan,
Egypt, Syria, Lebanon.
Have led to wars between the two
sides and conflict and violence.
How was the Iranian Revolution an
example of an Islamic Fundamentalism
revolution?
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1. The Iranian government was hostile to
the west. Western books, music and movies
banned.
2. The government required strict
adherence to Muslim religious tradition.
3. Many rights were taken away from
government.
4. Iran encouraged Muslims in other
countries to work to overthrown secular
governments and establish Islamic
republics.
What was the primary cause
of the Persian Gulf War?
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Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its oil
fields, and the US saw it as an threat
to Saudi Arabia and to the flow of oil.
What factors have
contributed to conflict in the
Middle East?
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1. Creation of the state of Israel.
2. Growing influence of Islamic
Fundamentalism.
3 Aggressive actions of leaders like
Saddam Hussein.
What two forces (using the forces
shaping the Middle East Chart) are the
greatest advantage to the Middle East?
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1. Natural Resources: Supplies them
with a great deal of money to build
upon. (oil)
2. Democracy in Israel and Turkey
which could lead to future democracy
in other areas.
Disadvantages?
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1. Too many religions fighting for
control and leading to prejudice.
2. Anti-western feelings leading to
fighting between the west and these
countries.
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Collapse of Communism in the Soviet
Union.
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1. Détente: Lessening of tensions
between the US and Soviet Union
during the Cold War.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev: Leader of the
Soviet Union who helped end
Communism.
What event brought
détente to an end?
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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in
1979.
Describe Perestroika
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Freedom economically for the
businesses of the Soviet Union.
Stimulate economic growth and make
industry more efficient.
Allow for free market reforms.
Describe Glasnost
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Openness, ended censorship and
encouraged people to discuss the
problems in the Soviet Union.
How did Gorbachev’s
policies lead to the breakup
of the Soviet Union?
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1. As Gorbachev eased political
restrictions, people began to voice
nationalist sentiments.
2. Because it was a multinational
state, people in the non-Russian
republics opposed Russian domination.
3. That led to them declaring their
independence.
What effect did Gorbachev’s
reforms have on Eastern
Europe?
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1. It sparked demand for democracy
and national independence.
2. Poland, East Germany, Romania
and Bulgaria broke away from Soviet
control.
3. There were attempts to make a
transition from a command to a
market economy.
Who led the movement
for Polish independence?
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Lech Walesa who led Solidarity, which
was an independent trade union which
called for political change in Poland.
Why is the fall of the Berlin
Wall considered a significant
event?
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This led to East and West Germany
being reunited.
The Berlin Wall was a symbol of
communism as it divided East and
West Berlin.
Give examples of how the fall of the Soviet
Union led to the rise of ethnic tensions
throughout Eastern Europe.
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1. Czechoslovakia split into 2 separate
countries: Czech Republic and Slovakia.
2. In the Balkan peninsula, Yugoslavia was
split apart into many different countries.
3. Russia has had to fight a “Civil War” with
the people of Chechnya who have Muslim
culture very different than Russia.