Transcript Industrial Revolution Agrarian Revolution  Increased Food Production Change in methods of farming…  Technology The Dutch began building dikes and made.

Industrial Revolution
Agrarian Revolution
 Increased Food Production Change in methods of farming…
 Technology The Dutch began building dikes and made ways to protect their farmland form the sea and used fertilizer to
improve the soil.
 British invented new ways to increase food production, Jethro Tull, invented the Seed Drill, which planted
seeds in rows.
 Enclosure Movement The neighboring farmers took down their fences in an attempt to increase the food production by having
larger crops, and also, it increased the size of fields from small strip crops to larger crops.
 Population Explosion The Revolution lead to a great increase in population, and Europe’s population increased form about 120
million to about 190 million people.
Enclosure Movement
Enclosure
The combining of many small farms to make one larger farm which produces more food
Made farming more efficient
Fewer farmers were needed
Unemployed farmers moved to cities to look for work
Improved agricultural production
Population Explosion
 In the 1800s, after the Agrarian Revolution, more people had a larger and better selection of food for their
diets.
 People began to live longer and be healthier and because of this the population grew.
 Because of this population explosion many people began to move to the cities looking for work.
 This was called urbanization
 Most city’s population doubled, or even tripled
Causes of the Industrial
Revolution
 Agrarian Revolution:
 Build dikes to protect to protect farmland from
the sea
 Animal fertilizer to improve soil
 Invent seed drill
 more food production
 Population Explosion:
 People eat better
 Women give birth to healthier babies
 Better medical care
 Slows death rate
 Energy Revolution:
 Water wheels power new machines
 Coal used to fuel steam engine
Factory System
 Factories were first used to mass produce textile goods.
 They used inventions like the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and the spinning mule to quickly produce large
amounts of product.
 The factory system cut prices of goods by lowering the number of workers needed to create the products.
 In the early 1800s factories began appearing in large numbers along river banks, where they could use water
as an energy supply.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
 Began in Britain.
 Quickened the work process in Britain.
 Britain was able to take raw cotton from the U.S. and quickly turn the cotton into a finished good and sell the
good back to the U.S. at a higher price.
 John Kay invented “the flying shuttle” that carried thread speedily back and forth on the loom while the
weaver pulled the handle.
 Many new inventions in the textile industry allowed this industry to become the first factory system.
Rise of Big Business
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The need for the investment of large amounts of money in business
Business owners sold stocks, or shares in their companies, to investors
This allowed businesses to expand into many areas
Investors and businessmen made large sums of money in short period of time
Working Conditions of the Industrial
Revolution
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Factory work hours were long.
Men, women, and even children worked for 12 to 16 hours a day.
Mass production methods led to work that was boring.
Many machines were dangerous.
Many people lost limbs in machines.
Dim lighting.
New Class Structure
 During the Industrial Revolution a new class structure emerged.
 Upper Class
 Very rich business families
 Members of the class often married into nobility.
 Upper Middle Class
 Business people and professionals (Lawyers and Doctors)
 High standard of living
 Lower Middle Class
 Below the upper middle class
 Made of teachers, office workers, and shop owners
 The Bottom
 Factory workers and peasants.
 Harsh living and working conditions.
Changes in Social Roles
 The upper class was mostly made up of very rich industrial and business families. These people often married
into noble families.
 Upper middle class consisted of: Lawyers and Doctors (business people/professionals)
 Lower middle class consisted of: Teachers, Office Workers, Shop Owners, and Clerks.
 The lower class was mostly made up of factory workers and peasants. These people faced harsh work and
living conditions.
Rise In The Standard Of Living
 During the Industrial Revolution many economic and social changes came.
 Settlement patterns shifted over time. People who could afford it now moved out of the center of cities to
cleaner and better sections of the cities
 The rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the edge of the cities
 The poor were crowded into the slums in city centers, near factories.
 Over time, conditions in the cities improved.
 People were eating more varied diets and were healthier, thanks to the advances in medicine.
Adam Smith
 Writer of The Wealth of Nations in 1776 Adam Smith defended the idea of a free market economy
 He believed that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
 He argued in his book that if people followed only their own self interest then the world would be an orderly
and progressive place. And that the economy would not require any government interference.
 These ideas were central to the development of capitalism
 Born 1723 died 1790
Laissez-Faire Economics
 “ Laissez faire refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business
set working conditions without government interference.”
 Laissez faire roughly translated is “Let people do as they please.”
 This policy comes from French 18th century enlightenment philosophers.
 These philosophers thought that government restrictions and regulations interfered with the production of
wealth.
 Laissez faire stresses that free trade is necessary for a prosperous economy.
 Adam Smith wrote a book The Wealth of Nations, in 1776 and in this book he defended the free market idea
and said that “economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.”
Socialism
 The ideas of socialism were founded by French reformers Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon,
these ideas were to offset the cirrcumstances that emerged as a result of the industrial
revolution.
 The means of a production in a socialist community are owned and opperated by the public for
the good of the community.
 All means of transportation and production should been opperated and owned by the
government.
 The mian intention behind socialism was to eliminate poverty, create equality and end social
descrimination between the classes of rich and poor.
 Marxist communism and the Communist Manifesto were later based on socialist ideas and
philosifies.
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Karl Marx
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Karl Marx studied philosophy at the university of Berlin before hr turned to journalism and economics
A German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.
Marx described communism as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production, all land,
mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, would be owned by the people. All goods and services would
be shared equally.
Marx believed that the Industrial Revolution had caused the rich to become richer and the workers to
become more impoverished.
History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat) and
that the proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
Marxist Socialism
 This is a new kind of economic system.
 This is means that everybody shares the wealth.
 This idea came from the view of the Industrial revolution that the rich become richer while the poor become
poorer
 The founder of socialism is Karl Marx.
 History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat)
 In order to make profits the capitalist took advantage of the working class (Lower wages).
 The proletariat would
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Rise up and overthrow the capitalist system
Create their own government.
Take control of the means of production.
Establish a classless, communist, society.
Wealth would be shared.
Mass Starvation in Ireland
British Rule
 Migrations occurred from Ireland, under British rule most of the land was used for farming.
 The British got all if the crops accept for the potato crops which the Irish made their main food which
supported the Irish for until 1845.
 In 1845 a disease had destroyed the potato crops, other crops where not affected.
 The British still continued to ship products out of Ireland
 4 years later, 1million Irish had died of starvation, millions of others moved to the U.S. and Canada.
Japan and the Meiji
Restoration
Tokugawa Isolation
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European traders first arrived in Japan in the 1500’s.
In 1600’s Tokugawa shoguns had gained control of Japan.
They brought stability but also banned almost all contact with the outside world.
They also limited trade.
Treaty of Kanagawa
Shogun of Japan opens Japan’s ports to American ships, had powerful impact, some Japanese felt
Shogun had shown weakness, some felt Japan needed to modernize, caused a rebellion that
overthrew the Shogun and restored the emperor
Meiji Restoration
 In 1867 daimyo and samurai led a rebellion to remove Tokugawa Shogun from power
 Meiji means enlightened rule and in 1868 the Meiji Emperor was established as the ruler of Japan
 In this time they ended feudalism and began to modernize by selectively borrowing from the west in Japan.
Borrowing from the West
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The Meiji reformers were determined to strengthen Japan against the West.
Members of the government traveled abroad to learn about western government , economics, and customs
Foreign experts from the U.S., Great Britain and Germany were invited to Japan.
The Japanese took western manufacturing and modernized the country by building factories, railroads and
roads.
 Using western ideals allowed Japan to modernize in about 40 years.
 Japan now went from and imperialized nation to an imperialistic nation.
Japanese Military Power
 Japan began to create a modern military with help from the United States and Great Britain. The United
States taught them tactics the they would use on the United States when the bombed Pearl Harbor
 By 1890 Japan had modernized its army and navy. No longer were the samurai the only warriors. Because of
the all men had to enter into the military.
 When Japan fought Korea in 1894 they won easily.
 Soon the Japanese beat Russia in Manchuria. This marked the first time that an Asian power had defeated a
European power and made Japan a world power
Sino-Japanese War
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In 1876, Japan had grown in their military, political and economical strength.
Japan later wanted to invade Korea, as did China.
China and Japan signed a “Hands off” agreement, to keep Korea off limits to each other.
In June of 1894, China broke the agreement.
This turned into the Sino-Japanese war.
Japan won.
Russo- Japanese War
 Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). The war began on Feb. 8, 1904
 The Russo-Japanese War was a military conflict in which a Japan fought Russia
 The Reason for the war was to abandon Japans expansionist policy in the Far East.
 The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea
and Manchuria.
 Japan easily won making them a world power
Imperialism
Imperialism (1800)
 Economic, political, and social forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe.
 The take over of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the
political, economic, and social life of the people of the nation is called Imperialism.
 The Industrial Revolution provided European countries with a need to add lands to their control for both
natural resources and new markets.
 As Europeans nations industrialized. They searched for new markets and raw materials to improve their
economics.
 The race for colonies grew out of a strong sense of a national pride as well as from economic competition.
Social Darwinism(1800’s)
 Social Darwinism was based on the theories of Charles Darwin.
 His ideas of plants and animals were applied to economics and politics.
 The leader of this thinking was Herbert Spencer
 Social Darwinism applied to Darwin’s theories and renamed “the survival of the fittest.”
 Businessmen believed the best companies would make money, the inefficient ones would lose money
and go bankrupt.
 People who were fit for survival would be wealthy while the poor would remain poor because they were
unfit.
 They also believed that there were “lesser peoples” and “superior races”.
 Imperialists felt they had the right to take over weaker countries.
 Social Darwinists believed it was natural for stronger countries to dominate weaker ones
Old Imperialism
 The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political,
economic, and social life of the people of that nation.
 Between about 1500 and 1800, European nations established colonies in the Americas, India, and
Southeast Asia, and gained territory on the coasts of Africa and China. Still, European power in these
regions of the world was limited.
 Under old imperialism, the colonies were more of a liability than an asset.
 Types of imperialism: Colony – a country or a region governed intentionally by a foreign power.
Protectorate – a country or territory with its own internal government but under
the control of an outside power.
Sphere of Influence – an area in which an outside power claims exclusive
investment or trading privileges.
Economic Imperialism – independent but less developed nations controlled by
private business interests rather than by other governments.
New Imperialism (1870-1914)
 Imperialism is the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another
country.
 Between 1870 and 1914, nationalism had produced strong, centrally governed nation-states
 The industrial revolution had made economics stronger as well
 During this time, Japan, the United States, and the industrialized nations of Europe became more
aggressive in expanding onto other lands
 The new imperialism was focused mainly on Asia and Africa, where declining empires and local
wars left many states vulnerable
 In Africa, many states had been weakened by the legacy of the slave trade
Causes of Imperialism(1870-1914)
 Nationalism and social Darwinism
 Nationalism promotes the idea of national superiority, imperialists felt that they had the right to take control
of countries they viewed as weaker.
 Social Darwinism applied to Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest to competition between nations.
 The theory lead people to believe that it was natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones
 Military Motives
 Colonies were important as bases for re-supply of ships
 A nation with many colonies had power and security
 Economic motives
 Raw materials are needed for factories
 New markets were also needed
 White Man’s Burden
 This poem offered a justification for imperialism
 White imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nation they considered less developed.
White Man’s Burden (1899)
 The title of a poem by Rudyard Kipling.
 Offered justification for imperialism.
 Expressed the idea that white imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nations considered “less
developed.”
 Missionaries spread western ideas, customs, and religious beliefs to Africa and Asia.
 White Englishmen had on obligation to support and run less fortunate countries.
Imperialism In India
British East India Company
 The East India Company started to take over India in 1757.
 It was the leading power in India after the British victory in the Battle of Plassey.
 The power expanded over time to Modern Bangladesh, most of southern India, and areas along the Ganges
River.
 The company ruled with little interference from the British government and had their own army
with Indian soldiers called sepoys.
 India known as the “Jewel in the Crown” because it was the most important British colony and had many
natural resources.
 The company would not allow Indian economy to operate on its own.
‘JEWEL IN THE CROWN’
 INDIA!
 India was considered Britain's most valuable colony
 Major supplier of raw materials
 Large market for British-made goods
 British East India Company ruled India until the Sepoy Rebellion, then the British
Government took over.
 Sphere of Influence – Britain had exclusive trade rights with India
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Sepoy Mutiny (1857)
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Indian soldiers, Hindus and Muslims fighting for the British.
Heard rumors of casing bullets in pig and beef fat which neither Hindus or Muslims could eat
Soldiers were jailed disobeying soldiers
Rebelled and captured the city of Delhi.
Took a year for British to regain control
British East India company lost control as a result of the mutiny
The British Government took control of India, made it a colony and the government was called
the Raj.
Imperialism in Africa
Berlin Conference
 European Powers met together to divide up Africa. The African nations themselves had no say in their own
land.
 European powers divided up Africa with no regard to the tribes that lived in Africa
 One could obtain a colony thorough:
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occupation
Notification of other European states of occupation and claim
Showing that they could control the area.
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Only Liberia and Ethiopia were free of European control.
Boer War
 Dutch farmers in South Africa, the Boers, fought against the British starting in 1899.
 The Boers wanted the diamonds and gold in South Africa to belong to them, and not the “outsiders”
(British).
 The Boers used guerrilla warfare tactics against the British.
 The British struck back by imprisoning women and children in concentration camps and burning Boer farms.
 The British won the war.
 The Union of South Africa, controlled by the British,
replaced the Boer Republic in 1902.
Imperialism in China
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Africa was divided into Colonies and ruled directly by Europeans.
China came under Imperialist control by using Spheres of Influence.
Europeans used leases and concessions to gain control of China.
In the 1790’s China was not interested in western influence.
China refused western technology.
China was self-sufficient.
 Good agriculture
 Extensive mining and manufacturing
 Finely produced goods
 Porcelain, cottons, and silk
Opium Wars (1839)
 The supply of opium started to grow which started to cause social, moral, and monetary
problems of the country
 The Qing emperor became angry and he talked with Queen Victoria of England
 Pleas of the Qing emperor went unanswered and Britain refused to stop trading the opium with
China
 As a result the British and the Chinese clashed and started the opium wars
 China was so behind the British in technology that the British was able to defeat China with their
cannons and gunboats
 In 1842 the British and the Chinese signed a peace treaty, the treaty of Nanjing and this gave
Britain a sphere of influence or exclusive trade rights to China.
 The treaty gave the British the island of Hong Kong
Treaty of Nanjing
 The Treaty of Nanjing was written after the Opium Wars between the Chinese and British
 The British naval technology was far better than that of the Chinese
 The Chinese were humiliated in an easy win for the British
 The Treaty of Nanjing was written in 1842
- British gained Hong Kong
Sphere of Influence
 Sphere of influence – a region where the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.
 The British had a sphere of influence over China during Imperialism.
Boxer Rebellion
 The widespread frustration among the Chinese people erupted, the people were upset with the foreigners
getting special treatments and privileges, they also resented the Chinese Christians, who were getting special
privileges as well.
 The peasants demonstrated their discontent by forming a secret organization called the Society of
Harmonious Fists. They later became known as the Boxers.
 Their campaign against the Dowager Empress’s rule and foreigners privileges was known as the Boxer
Rebellion.
 In the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxers descended on Beijing, shouting “Death to the Foreign Devils”. The
Boxers surrounded the city for several months, and the Empress expressed support for the Boxers, but did
not back her words with military support.
 In August, 20,000 troops marched toward Beijing, and soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy,
Russia, Japan, and the United States defeated the Boxers.
Sun Yixian and the Chinese Revolution
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Sun was the founder of the Chinese Republic in 1911 when the Last Emperor stepped down.
When he stepped down rival warlords fought for power
Several movements were formed
May Fourth Movement – students wanted to make China stronger through modernization, introduction of
western ideas like democracy and nationalism
Communist –Mao inspired by Marx and Lenin
Nationalists – formed by Sun Yixian, called Guomindang
After Sun’s death Jiang Jieshi took over Guomindang
Civil war began between Nationalists and Communists
Effects on the Colonies (Imperialism)(1750-1914)
 Short term effects
 Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule
 Individuals and groups resisted European domination
 Famines occurred in lands where farmers grew export crops for imperialist nations in place of food for
local use
 Western culture spread to new regions
 Long term effects
 Western culture continued to influence much of the world
 Transportation, education, and medical care were improved
 Resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalist movements
Cash Crop Economies
 Economic Problems
 Under colonial rule, Latin American economies had become dependent on trade with Spain and
Portugal.
 Latin Americans relied on a cash crop economy.
 The colonies sent raw materials such as sugar, cotton, and coffee to Europe and had to import
manufactured goods.
 Dependence on one or two crops is not good for a nation’s economy and makes them very
unstable.
World War One
Militarism(1895)
 A policy of glorifying Military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
 It was first used before World War One, when Britain and Germany were competing on who could have a
better navy.
 Both Germany and Great Britain were building up their Navies to make it better than each others so that
they would be ready if a war came.
 This policy was part of what started the war along with nationalism, imperialism, and alliances.
Alliances
 Allies agreed to help one another fight or give war supplies to, if the other was attacked
 World war one:
 The central powers were Germany and Austria Hungary
 They were against the allied powers which were Great Britain, France, and Russia
 Japan joined the allied powers in a week and Italy which at first was neutral joined the allied powers in 9
months
 World War two
 Axis powers were Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria
 They were versus the allies which were U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia
Imperialism (1800’s)
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The domination by one country of the political and /or economic life of another country.
Britain, France, Germany major imperialists
Competed for colonies and economic power.
One of the causes of WWI
Nationalism for the Cause of WWI
 Nationalism the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with whom
they share a culture and history—rather then to a king or empire.
 Nationalism can serve as a unifying force within a country. However, it can also cause intense competition
between nation, with each seeking to overpower another.
 By the turn of the 20th century, a fierce rivalry indeed had developed among Europe’s Great Powers. Those
nations were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France.
 The increasing rivalry among European nations stemmed form several sources. Competition for materials
and markets was one.
 Germany competed with Great Britain for industrial dominance because Germany’s many new industries
made its economy the fastest growing power on the continent.
 Nationalistic rivalries also grew out of territorial disputes. France for example, had never gotten over the loss
of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in the France-Prussian War (1870) Austria-Hungary and Russia both tried to
dominate the Balkans, the intense nationalism of the people that lived there however, led to demands for
independence.
Powder Keg of Europe
 The Powder Keg of Europe was the Balkans
 The Ottoman Empire also known as the “Sick Man of Europe” was having problems holding on to the
Balkans
 Both Austria-Hungary and Russian wanted the area.
 Ethnic groups such as the Serbs also wanted their own freedom in the Balkans.
 Because of tensions in the area and the fear of a nationalistic revolt it was believed that this would be the area
that would start a “great war”.
 With the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand in the Balkans it was the spark that started World
War One
Armenian Massacre
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In the 1880’s 2.5 million Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire begun to demand their freedom.
Relations between the Armenians and the Turks grew strained.
Throughout the 1890’s, Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians.
When World War I erupted in 1914, the Armenians pledged their support to the Turks’ enemies.
In response, the Turkish government deported nearly 2 million Armenians, along the way more than 600,000
died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers.
 It was the first genocide of the 20th century
Allied Powers and Central Powers-1914
 Military alliances during World War One.
 Allied Powers
-Britain
-France
-Russia
-Italy, and US later joined
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Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
In 1914, millions of soldiers went off to war after
They happily marched off due to the thought of a short war.
Trench Warfare
 When French and British troops stopped the advance of the German Army in France both sides
dug in trenches.
 Neither side was able to advance over the next four years.
 Life in the trenches was horrid
 Rats
 Mud
 Lack of sleep
 Death
 If militarism glorified war, trench warfare did everything it could to demystify the idea of a
glorious war
The Zimmermann telegram
During world war one, the British intercepted a telegram from German foreign secretary, Arthur
Zimmermann to the German Ambassador in Mexico. The message said that Germany would help
Mexico get Texas back if Mexico would be Germany’s ally. The British gave the message to the
United States and they got mad. America declared war against Germany.
Russia withdraws from the war
 Because of low morale the Russians couldn’t put up a fight anymore so they signed a treaty with Germany
taking them out of the war in 1917
 Russia’s withdraw from the war angered Britain and France
 The treaty was called the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, it was signed in march of 1918
 It was a big lose for Russia because it gave Germany a large part of the Russian territory
 Although, Lenin thought it was required that they make peace with Germany at any cost so that they could
deal with there own enemies at home in Russia.
Treaty of Versailles
June 28th 1919...
 The peace treaty signed by Germany and the allied powers after World War One.
 The treaty punished Germany- “war guilt clause” was known as Germany had responsibility for the war and
had to pay reparations to the allies.
 The League of Nations was developed with the 5 allied powers (U.S. ,Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan).
It was an international peace organization and Germany and Russia were excluded.
 The treaty limited the size of Germany, forbidden Germany to build or buy submarines, and Germany
returned Alsace-Lorraine to France.
 The treaty was caused for a bitter Germany and led to World War Two.
War Guilt Clause
Treaty Of Versailles
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The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the allied powers, after World War I, on June 28,1919.
Part of this treaty included a clause called the war guilt clause.
This clause placed the guilt, or responsibility, of the war entirely on Germany.
Germany was forced to pay the allies $33 billion in reparations over 30 years.
This clause was unfair because it placed all the guilt upon Germany.
This clause would later lead to World War II.
League of Nations
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An international association formed after WW1 with the goal of keeping peace among nations
The League of Nations had no military backing and could not stop conflicts between nations
The League of Nations also lacked the support of the United States
The League of Nations was considered a failure and could not stop World War Two.
It was disbanded after World War Two and The United Nations was formed.
Break up of Austria-Hungary
 Due to the war Austria-Hungary’s government fell apart.
 New nations formed as a result.
 Including: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire
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With the end of the war the Ottoman Empire fell apart.
Many of the lands in the Middle East were taken over by the British and the French
Areas such as the Balkans became independent states
Turkey became it’s own independent state
Russian Revolution
Causes of the Russian Revolution
 CZARIST RULEA : In the late 1800s Alexander and his son wanted to industrialize the country and
build Russia's economic strength.
 PEASENT UNREST : the rigid system of social classes still existed in Russia at the beginning of the
war. Landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar dominating country. The peasants faced many
difficulties , most were to poor to buy the land they worked on , and the ones who did own land were to
poor to feed there families .
 PROBLEMS OF URBAN WORKERS : Some oesents had to move to the cities and found jobs in
new industries. They worked long hours, and their pay was low. Most lived in slums that had a lot of disease
and poverty.
Bloody Sunday (1905)
 January 22, 1905…
 200,000 workers and their families approach the czar’s palace during a peaceful protest.
 They had a petition asking for better working conditions, more freedom and an elected national legislature.
 The soldiers killed between 500 and 1,000 unarmed people.
 October 1905…
 Nicholas promised more freedom, although he still opposed reform.
 Bloody Sunday Provokes…
 Bloody Sunday sparks other strikes and violence across the country.
 Effect…
 The Czar is forced to make reforms and the Duma is created.
Duma (1905- 1917)
 Nicholas II
 The Russian czar before and after the loss in war against Japan
 Bloody Sunday
 Nicholas massacres a peaceful protest
 Formation of the Duma
 In attempt to calm the Russian peasants forms “the Duma”
 The duma is a committee that must approve all laws and rights in Russia before they are passed
 The Rise
 After Nicholas was shot by own army in a protest, the duma took control of Russia.
 The Fall
 When Lenin came to power he dissolved the duma with communism.
LENIN(1917-1924)
 LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIKS GAINED POWER BY PROMISING “PEACE,
LAND, AND BREAD.”
 THE PEOPLE WERE TIRED OF RUSSIS INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR ONE.
 HE WAS THE LEADER OF RUSSIA
 CHIEF GOAL WAS TO CREATE A COMMUNIST CLASSLESS SOCIETY
 ALLOWS SOME OF THE PRIVATE BUSINESS TO SUCCEED SUING HIS NEP OR
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
 LETS SOME PEASANTS HOLD LAND
 STANDARD OF LIVING RISES FOR MANY WORKERS AND PEASANTS
Bolsheviks
Definition: a small group of Russian workers who came together to overthrow the czar
The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, who later adopted the name Lenin.
Later in 1917 the Czar stepped down due to the demands of the people over the shortage of food, fuel, and the
war. Lenin and the Bolsheviks decided to take action to gain power.
 Lenin created the slogan “Peace, Land, and Bread” to gain wide respect from the people. This started The
Bolshevik Revolution.
Reasons for Success of Communism
 Communism succeeded in Russia because:
- The peasants of Russia were oppressed under the rule of the czar.
- The peasants made up the majority of the population, so when they revolted, they significantly out numbered
the Czar’s supporters.
- Once communism was established, the peasants were happy because they now had a guaranteed supply of
food, and a piece of land to live on.
- The Russians were also able to keep up with the rest of the world economically using the Five Years Plan,
even after having been so far behind.
Stalin
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Born into poverty.
Not well educated.
Was seen a a crude man. Was also cold, hard and cruel
Would use brutality and murder to enforce his reign as dictator.
Stalin will become one of the most brutal leaders in history.
In 1928 Stalin obtained control of the government.
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
Stalin was the dictator and controlled the one party system of government.
Stalin created his totalitarian state by getting rid of his enemies.
Great Purges
 In 1934 Stalin turned against the members of the communist party
 He launched a campaign of terror directed towards eliminating the Bolsheviks
 Thousands of Bolsheviks were forced to stand trial and were executed for crimes against the
Soviet state
 The police could arrest on the most minor acts
 Even the police were arrested if they did not meet their quotas for arrested criminals
Stalin's Forced Famine
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Many peasants resisted having to farm for the government.
Kulaks or wealthy farmers burned their crops and killed off their livestock to resist Stalin’s
collectivization.
Some peasants continued to resist and only grew enough crops for themselves.
Stalin seized all these crops.
Entire communities starved.
Areas like the Ukraine who were opposed to collectivization had five million people die of
starvation.
Five Year Plan
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Stalin outlined the first five year plan.
There was several five year plans.
The plan was to catch up to the rest of the world or industrialize.
The plan set high quotas to increase the output of major goods.
Stalin decided to break up the progress of the country using 5-Year Plans.
The plans would
 Strengthen the country
 Make the country self-sufficient
 Lead to a true workers society.
 5 Year Plans were a success.
Collectivization
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Work farmers needed to produce enough food for industrial workers.
When Stalin felt farmers weren’t making enough food he took over the farms.
Stalin then created collective farming.
These involved small farms joining forces to form large-scale units. (Like enclosures)
Farmers could then afford the latest machinery and share farming.
Stalin believed this would lead to increased production.
Collectives were a failure.
Command Economy
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An economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions.
Under this system political leaders identify the countries economic needs and determine how to fulfill them.
The Soviets used this economy.
Stalin ushered in revolutions in industry and agriculture.
The Rise of Dictators
Totalitarian State
 Exercises total control over the people
 Dominates government
 State controls
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Business
Family life
Labor
Youth groups
Religion
Education
The arts
Housing
 Demands total obedience to authority and personal sacrifice to the state
 Use force, such as police terror, to crush all opponents
 Totalitarian leaders
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centralize the government
control every aspect of public and private life
appear to provide a sense of direction
limit values such as freedom, dignity and individual worth.
Hitler
Hitler’s rule
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He was a dictator, created the Third Reich in Germany
Gained control with a slim majority.
Used propaganda and brute force to glorify himself and War.
He moved his armies into countries like Austria and
Czechoslovakia
 Eventually his aggressive behavior started the bloody WWII.
 It becomes a fight between the Allied and the Axis powers
 Millions died in the war
Holocaust
 He had hatred for Jews, Anti-Semitism, and started persecuting
them.
 Laws prevented Jewish rights, and on Kristallnacht many were
persecuted
 The Final solution began to exterminate Jews by the millions in
concentration camps.
 About 6 million were murdered
Weimar Republic
 Germany’s Democratic government set up in 1919. (named after the birth place of National
Assembly)
 At the time, the Weimar Republic was weak because of Germany’s lack of democratic tradition.
 The economy was very weak.
 The people blamed the democratic government for both the depressions in Germany and for
signing the Treaty of Versailles.
 The Weimar Republic became and easy target for the Nazi Party to rise up against.
Fascism
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Fascism emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to the leader.
Fascists promised many things and gained favor of the peasants.
Fascism is based mostly on nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country.
Also believed in a strong military
Fascists used propaganda and wore certain colored uniforms to display their authority.
Fascism like communism, the country was ruled by a dictator who used fear and terror.
Stared in Italy in the later 1920’s.
Fascists believed that each class had a certain place and function unlike communism.
Mussolini
 He was a newspaper editor and politician who promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and
rebuilding it’s armed forces.
 He vowed to give Italy strong leadership.
 He founded the Fascist party in 1919.
 He failed to gain widespread popularity at first, but as the economy worsened his popularity rapidly increased.
 Mussolini publicly criticized Italy’s government and a group of Fascists attacked communist and socialists.
 Because Mussolini played on the fear of a workers revolt he began to win support of the middle class, the
aristocracy, and the industrial leaders.
 Thus after widespread violence and a threat of armed revolt Mussolini “legally” took power.
 When in power he abolished democracy and all the other political parties besides Fascism.
 He put censors on the press, so they could only report Fascist doctrines.
 His country became the model for other fascist governments.
Italy Invades Ethiopia
 1935- Italian army invaded African country of Ethiopia
 Ethiopians resisted, but the Italians had armored vehicles, aircraft, and poison gas (much better weapons then
Ethiopian weapons).
 The Ethiopian king appealed to the League of Nations
 The League of Nations agreed to stop the sale of weapons and other war materials to Italy.
 The agreement was not honored by all nations.
 Ethiopia fell to Italy and the League of Nations showed it was powerless to stop the rise of dictators.
Japan-Militarism and Expansion
Why Japan expanded
 Japan was an modernized country that needed resources they lacked like oil, steel, and coal.
 Japan decided to go out into other countries and get those recourses
When Japan expanded
 Japan’s expansion started 1931
What came from Japan’s expansion
 Japan with its expansion they wanted as much land as possible
 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor Dec 7th, 1941
 This lead to World War II
Japan Invades China
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In 1931, Japan watched China’s Communist vs. Nationalist civil war with interest
Took advantage of the country’s weak situation and invaded Manchuria-start of WWII in Asia
In 1937, Japan launched an all-out invasion of China
Massive destruction of villages and farms, starvation was rampant in China
Communists and Nationalists temporarily formed a truce to fight off the Japanese
The invasion of China by Japan caused strained relations between Japan and the U.S. and the U.S. cut off it’s
oil supply to Japan
 This would lead to Japanese aggression towards the U.S. and the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
World War Two
Appeasement
Definition: Appeasement is giving in to an aggressor in order to preserve peace.
 Appeasement was used in WWII.
 On March 7, 1936 German troops moved into the Rhineland, and the stunned French were unwilling to risk
war.
 The British urged appeasement to keep from starting another war with Germany.
 Hitler later admitted that if the French and British had challenged him and not practiced appeasement that he
would have backed down and WWII could have very well been avoided.
Munich Pact
 In September 1938 Hitler demanded the western part of Czechoslovakia known as the
Sudetenland become part of Germany.
 Hitler claimed that 3 million German speaking people lived there and should be German territory.
 The Czech Government refused to give the Sudetenland to Hitler.
 The Czech’s had an alliance with France and asked France for help.
 Britain and France began to prepare for war.
 To avoid war the British, French Germans and Italians meet at the Munich conference.
 Great Britain in a effort to avoid war appeases Germany and gives Hitler the Sudetenland. Hitler
promises not to take anymore land in Europe.
 6 months later Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia.
 Appeasement was a failure.
Axis Powers
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During World War II
Alliance between Germany, Japan, Italy
Known as the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis
They set out to gain world domination.
Agreed to help fight for and protect each other if other countries declared war on them.
Pearl Harbor
 Japan began its expansion in 1931. To increase their resources, Japanese leaders looked toward the rich
European colonies of Southeast Asia.
 The United States knew that if Japan conquered European colonies there, it could also threaten United States
island colonies.
 After the United States cut off oil supply in Japan, the Japanese began planning a massive attack on Southeast
Asia and in the Pacific, both at the same time.
 On December 7, 1941, American sailors at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii awoke to the roar of explosives.
 It was mostly an air strike, and within two hours, the Japanese had sunk or damaged 18 ships.
 The day after the attack, Congress declared war on Japan.
 President Roosevelt described December 7 as “a date which will live in infamy.”
Battle for Stalingrad
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Stalingrad was a major industrial center of the Soviet Union
The battle began on August 23, 1942
Stalin told his soldiers to defend the city at all costs, “Not one step backward”
By November, the attacking Germans controlled 90% of the city
Soviets outside the city counterattacked, surrounded the Germans, and cut of their supplies
In February, the 90,000 remaining of the 330,000 German army surrendered to the Soviets
This was a turning point, with the Germans now on the defensive
D-Day
D-Day invasion
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By May 1944, the invasion was ready. (WW2)
Thousands of planes, ships, tanks, landing craft, and 3.5 million troops were ready to move
American General, Dwight D. Eisenhower, planed to strike the coast of Normandy
The Germans knew and attack was coming but they did not know where
The allies sent a dummy army to the France seaport of Calais
The code name “Operation Overload” was the greatest invasion in history
The day chosen for the invasion was June 6th 1944, D-Day
The Battle
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The American, French, British, and Canadian troops were deployed on a beach in Normandy
The Germans protected them selves by staying behind concrete walls and using machine guns
About 3,000 Americans died that morning
The Allies eventually won the battle and within another month 1 million more troops had landed there
The Germans were forced into full retreat
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
 The two cities in Japan that the United States bombed at the end of World War II.
 The cities were completely destroyed, Hiroshima first and Nagasaki three days later.
 President Truman decided to drop the bombs on Japan when Japan failed to surrender to the U.S. in
1945.
 The affect that the Nuclear bombs had on these cities was deadly. 70,000 people died immediately, and
200,000 were killed due to the bombs’ repercussions.
 Japan surrendered to the U.S. on September 2, 1945. With the surrender, World War II had officially
ended.
 The dropping of the bomb made the U.S. a superpower
 The creation of these bombs lead to an arms race between the U.S. and the Soviets, each country
fearing that they were weaker than other.
Winston Churchill
 Prime Minister of England during WWII Churchill and his country England were an ally of the United States, Russia, and France during the World
War II.
 Yalta Conference In 1945, Winston Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met to decide what would happen as the World War was
coming to a close.
 They decided to divide up Germany and Russia, England, and the United States would all have a portion.
 All knew, that everybody would go for creation of new governments after the war in Europe.
 Also, they knew that Stalin would oversee the creation of new governments in Eastern Europe.
 Churchill is well known for his good leadership and involvement with World War II, and help with the
United States.
Genocide
 In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to
destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
 (a) Killing members of the group;
 (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
 (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part;
 (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
 (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
World War Two: Holocaust
 The Holocaust:
 The murder of over 12 million people mainly Jews, also Gypsies, Homosexuals
 Lead by Adolf Hitler who came to power following WW2 and took power with his Nazi power spreading
Anti-Semitism or the hatred of Jews throughout Germany
 The Jews were used as a scapegoat, the cause of Germany’s problems
 By eliminating the Jews he was promoting his Aryan race, a pure German race superior to others
 The plan to eliminate all the Jews was called the Final Solution, Jews were executed by the masses, gassed to
death in gas chambers, starved in ghettos and death camps, and humiliated all because they were different
Nuremburg Laws
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These were laws that deprived Jews and made discrimination against them legal
All Jews were required to wear a yellow star of David to identify them
Treatment of the Jews continued to worsen until they were sent to slave labor camps, and death camps
Nuremberg Laws
 In 1933 after Hitler comes to power he enacts the Nuremberg Laws.
 These laws were designed to treat Jews as second class citizens.
 It took away their rights
• To vote
• Fly the German flag
• Had to wear the Star of David
• Change their name from a German name to a Jewish name.
Kristallnacht
A major increase of Nazi persecution of Jews.
November 7th , 1938 a Jew shot a German official.
November 9th 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish homes, synagogues, and businesses.
The streets were littered with glass and the attack was named Kristallnacht or Night of the Broken Glass.
Around 100 Jews were murdered that night.
It was the first outright violence against the Jews in Germany and Austria and is considered the start of the
Holocaust
Final Solution
∙Hitler’s Plan
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Once World War Two started Hitler wanted to expand the boarders of Germany eastward.
The problem was what to do with the Jews and Slavs who occupied the land.
The first measure was to deport the Jews to Ghettos, areas set up in major Polish cities.
The Final Solution was a program of genocide.
It was the systematic killing of an entire group of people.
Gas chambers were used for mass murder killing up to 6,000 humans a day.
∙Other Races
 The Nazi’s eliminated other races too, not just the Jews.
 These races included: Poles, Russians, homosexuals, the insane, the disabled, and the incurably ill.
∙The Final Stage
 Six million Jews died in the mass killings.
 Five million others also died during the Holocaust
Concentration Camps
 During the Holocaust, Nazi Germany imprisoned millions of Jews in concentration camps.
 The first concentration camps started in the early 1930s. They held fewer people at the time, and did not use
lethal tactics as often.
 From the start of the Holocaust to 1945, over 6,000,000 Jews were killed.
 Some of the major camps were Dachau, Auschwitz, and Treblinka.
 Prisoners often died from forced labor, mass starvation, and execution
Nuremburg Trials
 To deal with Germany’s guilt in World War Two, the International Military Tribunal, representing 23 nations,
put Nazi war criminals on trial in Nuremburg, Germany
 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression, as well as violating the laws of war and
committing crimes against humanity
 Of the 22 defendants, 12 were sentenced to death for their actions during the war and the Holocaust
 One of the twelve committed suicide, and the other 11 were hanged on October 16, 1946
Effects on Europe and the World
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Human losses:
Over 75 million people died in WWII.
38 million died in European countries alone.
The Soviets suffered the heaviest loss, losing 22 million people.
Economic Losses:
Cities and country sides were in ruins throughout Europe and Asia.
War Crime Trials:
Trials were held in Nuremburg from Nov. 1945 to Sept. 1946 for those accused of “crimes against
humanity”.
Occupied Nations:
To prevent another world war the U.S. occupied Japan and West Germany and the Soviets occupied East
Germany and Eastern Europe.
Nationalism After WWII
Turkish Nationalism
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The breakup of the Ottoman Empire and growing Western influence in Southeast Asia spurred the rise of
nationalism in this region.
After WWI Turkey was all that remained of the Ottoman Empire.
Their sultan was weak and corrupt.
Turkish nationalists overthrew the last Ottoman sultan, by the leadership of Mustafa Kemal.
In 1923, the leader of the overthrow became president of the new Republic of Turkey, the first republic in
Southwest Asia.
He ushered many reforms that helped transform Turkey into a modern nation.
Nationalism in India
Indian Nationalism
 In India people had very few rights under British Imperialism.
 During World War I Britain had promised Indians that who ever fought in the war for them would be freed
and that they would have their own self-determination
 After the war Britain fail to fulfill these promises
 The Amristar Massacre
 In 1919
 Riots and attacks on British citizens in the city of Amristar
 Public meetings were banned
 When a large group of Indians assembles on April 13 the British troops were called in
 They fired upon the Indians without notice and killed about 400 people
 Gandhi
 Headed the Indian Nationalist movement
 He taught non-violent resistance and civil disobedience
 Used non-violent protesting such as boycotts
 Rejected the caste systems and urged equal rights for all, including women
 India did not get independence until 1947, one year before Gandhi's death
Indian National Congress
 In 1885, the Hindu nationalist leaders in India formed the Indian National Congress.
 The Congress was made up mostly of Hindu professionals and business leaders, who called for
equal opportunity to serve in the government of India. They wanted greater democracy and
western style modernization, looking toward self rule.
 Their opposing party was the Muslim League, which was made up of Muslims who wanted to
protect Muslim interests, and were concerned that the Hindu Congress Party would be looking
out for Hindu interests more so than Muslim interests.
 The leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali, had been a former member of the Hindu
Congress Party, but he insisted that he only spoke for Muslims.
 Despite what he said, many people wanted him to resign from the position and felt that he could
not be trusted.
Muslim League
 The Muslim League was a group of people formed in 1906 to get rid of foreign rule in India.
 Although problems existed between the Muslims and Hindus, they joined together and found a common
ground to get rid of the British.
 Both groups worked toward the goal of National Independence.
 They finally gained their independence in 1947.
Caste System
 This is based on what place your are in society.
 The say if you are up there in the caste system, that means that you have good “Karma” Which means that
you where good in your past life.
 In the caste system it is good to be a male, wealthy, and a warrior.
 Sometimes the caste system is bad, like if you did something really bad then you are shun and no one can talk
to them.
Amritsar Massacre
1919 India
 To protest the Rowlett act10,000 Hindus and Muslims gathered at Amritsar and at a huge festival intended to
fast, pray and listen to political speeches.
 This demonstration particularly the alliance of Hindus and Muslims alarmed the British rulers or Raj.
 The British felt that the Hindu and Muslims who wanted Nationalism would protest at this festival.
 Only days previously the British had banned public meetings however most people at the festival were
unaware of the decree.
 British commander Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire, the shooting lasted 10 minutes 400 were
killed and 1200 wounded.
GANDHI
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Gandhi was a civil rights activist who wanted to free India from British oppression.
Gandhi used civil disobedience to catch the attention of the world
In the 1920’s Gandhi began his system of civil disobedience.
Gandhi wanted to weaken the control of the British government over the Indian people.
Gandhi called for the following measures.
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Called for Indians to boycott British goods.
Gandhi called for Indians to make their own clothing.
Gandhi spent one hour a day at the spinning wheel making his own thread.
The spinning wheel becomes the symbol of Indian Nationalism.
 He spent a lot of his time in the prisons fasting.
 Conducted the Salt Marches against British who controlled the sale of salt.
 Gandhi had shown the people that they could survive without the British.
 That the people could make their own salt, clothing,
and run their own government.
 Gandhi showed the people the way.
 Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu who
thought Gandhi favored the Muslims
Civil Disobedience
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Gandhi developed the principle of satyagraha or “truth force”. In English, it is called passive resistance
or civil disobedience.
Civil disobedience is the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law.
Salt March
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One of his most striking actions was the Salt March that started on March 12, 1930 and ended on April 5
Gandhi led thousands of people to the sea to collect their own salt rather than pay the salt tax.
The salt march was when Gandhi and his followers boycotted British salt
The British were taxing the salt
Gandhi marched 240 miles to make his own salt from the sea
Gandhi had shown the people that they could survive without the British.
Quit India
The 'Quit India' movement was followed, nonetheless, by large-scale violence directed at railway stations,
telegraph offices, government buildings, and other emblems and institutions of colonial rule.
There were widespread acts of sabotage, and the government held Gandhi responsible for these acts of
violence, suggesting that they were a deliberate act of Congress policy.
Gandhi resolutely denied these charges, but the deadlock was not to be resolved.
 It has been suggested that though Gandhi himself did not authorize violence, he had grown skeptical of
the efficacy of non-violence.
The 'Quit India' movement was a failure in that it invited the government to unleash repression, and
therefore led to the detention of the Congress leadership.
 The 'Quit India' movement remains, in any event, among the most controversial episodes in Gandhi's life
and modern Indian history.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
 Born November 14, 1889;
 He rose to become the top political leader of the Indian National Congress Party for independence from
Britain
 In his road to the top he was jailed seven times and after independence he served as the Prime Minister
from 1947 until the day he died may 1964
 He was also one of the founders of the non alignment movement.
Indira Gandhi (1966 – 1984)
 After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, his daughter, Indira Gandhi became the Prime
Minister of India in 1966 and was re-elected in 1980.
 Under her rule the country increased their food grain production.
 Gandhi faced problems with Sikh extremists,
 Sikh terrorists took refuge in the Golden Temple.
 The Indian Army overran the temple killing 500 Sikhs and destroying sacred property.
 In retaliation of this act Indira Gandhi was shot and killed by two of her Sikh bodyguards.
Pakistan
 Pakistan gained its independence in 1947.
 After Pakistan’s independence they suffered from religious and ethnic fighting with India
 For the civil war in Pakistan, they began as a divided nation with more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory as
the divider.
Muslim / Hindu Conflict
 Hindus held the majority over the Muslims in India
 When British Officials drew up the borders that divided the Hindus From the Muslims In an area called
Pakistan
 The independence caused millions of Muslims and Hindus to migrate to their newly formed country
 Many were killed crossing the border.
 In later years India and Pakistan would still clash over border disputes.
 Both countries possess nuclear weapons and have threatened war many times.
Nationalism in Africa
Pan-Africanism (1920-)
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Called for the unity of all people of African descent all over the world.
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
Led many Pan-African movements in his time as a Prime Minister.
Helped organize the first Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England-1945
Held the first Pan-African meeting in Africa-1958
Led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)-1963
Dreamed of the United States of Africa.
ORGANIZATION FOR AFRICAN
UNITY (OAU)
 Established 1963 in Ethiopia by 37 independent African nations
 Initiated by Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana
 Established to promote Pan-Africanism
 to promote unity and development
 defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of members
 eradicate all forms of colonialism
 promote international cooperation
 coordinate members' economic, diplomatic, educational, health, welfare, scientific, and
defense policies.
Kwame Nkrumah
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A nationalist after WWI and WWII.
Lived between 1909-1972
Prime Minister and later president of Ghana
He was the motivating cause behind the movement of independence of Ghana, and British West Africa.
His idea was “United States of Africa”
Used Gandhi’s ideals of non violence or civil disobedience to help free Ghana from the British
Jomo Kenyatta
 Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist who wanted Kenya to have its independence
 When Kenya got its independence from the British in 1963 Kenyatta became President of the new nation
 The Mau Mau, Kenyan farmers who used violence to drive the British out of Kenya started the Mau Mau
rebellion.
 Kenyatta would not denounce the violent methods used by the Mau Mau.
 While under British rule he was imprisoned by the British even though he had no connections with the Mau
Mau
Apartheid in South Africa
 A policy created by whites in South Africa making people segregated. Blacks and other non-whites had to live
in certain zones of the city and were not allowed in the white areas.
 Blacks and non-whites had to use separate:
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Trains
Beaches
Restaurants
Restrooms
Etc.
 The whites who made up only 10 percent of the South African population wanted to maintain control of the
government and economy
 Non-whites weren’t allowed to vote or hold office
Nelson Mandela
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Important leader of the ANC (African National Congress)
In 1964 he was put in jail by the government
He remained in jail for 27 years
Mandela became the symbol of the struggle for freedom and oppressed Blacks and non-whites in South
Africa.
In 1992 Mandela was freed by F.W. deKlerk
deKlerk and Mandela work on ending apartheid in South Africa and both write a new constitution for South
Africa.
In 1994 Mandela becomes the first elected Black President of South Africa.
He receives Noble Peace Prize for ending an apartheid
Desmond Tutu
 Archbishop Desmond Tutu helped to end apartheid, or legal discrimination against blacks in South
Africa.
 He asked foreign businesses not to trade with South Africa, and to boycott their products.
 In 1984, he won the Nobel Peace Prize, due to his non-violent methods.
F.W. de Klerk 1989
 F.D. de Klerk was elected president and determined reforms were long over due in South Africa, he…
 Released Mandela
 Ended segregation laws
 Opened free election
Nationalism in China
Sun Yixian
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In the first decade of the 1900s, Chinese nationalism blossomed. Many reformers called for a new
government. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen), led the movement to replace the Qing dynasty.
Sun had three goals:
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To end foreign domination
To form a representative government
To create economic security for the Chinese people
In 1911, workers, peasants, students and warlords topples the monarchy and Sun Yixian was named president
of the Chinese Republic
Mao Zedong
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Leader of Chinese Communist Party beginning 1930’s
Fled Guomindang in 1934 with 100,000 followers – Long March
After 6,000 miles set up base in Northern China
Communists, Nationalists, Japanese battled for control of China
Civil war continued after World War Two
Mao and Communists won in 1949
Mao had support of huge peasant population by promising land
Had support of women by rejecting old inequalities
Mao’s army used hit-and-run guerrilla tactics
Nationalist government corrupt
Mao became dictator of China, based his government on Soviet Union
Great Leap Forward failed
Cultural Revolution was when the government shut down schools and executed intellectuals
The Long March
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Mao Zedong
Becomes the leader of the Communist in China.
In the 1930’s he flees the Nationalist Government with 100,000 followers in 1934.
This was known as the Long March.
The marchers traveled 6,000 miles.
They ended up in Northern China.
Only about 20,000 survived.
The Communist began battling the Nationalist for power of China
Great Leap Forward
 Program begun by Mao Zedong in china in 1958 to increase agricultural and industrial output
 Agriculture
 Mao creates large collective farms called communes.
 Life on communes is strictly controlled.
 People live in common dorms, eat in common dining rooms, and own no property.
 Each commune had a high quota to reach for production.
 Many hate the communes.
 The workers receive no pay for their labor.
 Only the state prospers.
 No incentive to work for the state.
 Agricultural output declined.
 Further between 1958 and 1961 crop failures cause a famine which kills 20 million people.
Communes(1958)
 Communes are the same thing as collective farming, which was first invented by Stalin, from the Soviet
Union.
 This time they were being used by Mao Zedong, in China.
 The communes were to produced enough food for China.
 Many hated the communes and refused to work on the communes
 A communes is a group of farms put together to help each other, so that way they can be twice as efficient
with supplies.
 The commune system was a failure and many starved because of the lack of production
Cultural Revolution
 Moa launched the Cultural Revolution to renew people’s loyalty to the Communist party and to establish a
more equitable society.
 Mao feared that peasants and farm workers were being replaced by the intellectuals. So he shut down the
schools. By doing this he basically “retarded” his country.
 He urged students to experience a revolution of their own so they formed fighting groups called the Red
Guard.
 They attacked professors, government officials and factory managers. Many of whom were exiled or
executed.
 China was in a state of chaos
 After 10 years the Cultural Revolution was deemed a failure and stopped by Mao
Red Guard (1966)
 Mao disapproved of China’s new economic policies, believing that they weakened the communist goal of
social equality.
 Determined to revive the revolution, Mao launched a new campaign in 1966
 He urged China’s young people to “learn revolution by making revolution.”
 Millions of high school and college students join the Red Guard.
 They attack the professors, government workers, factory managers, and either exile or execute them.
The Little Red Book
 The Little Red Book
 A series of quotes by Mao on how China should run.
 Known as the bible of Communist China.
 Used by the Red Guard to create a cult for Mao and Mao was seen as god-like
 The quotes were often unclear, and did not follow any pattern and after the Cultural Revolution the
book was used less often.
Peoples Republic of China
 The peoples Republic of China is a communist state on the Asian Mainland.
 China was split up into two, The Peoples Republic of China and the Republic of China.
 The Peoples Republic of China has a communist government.
 The Peoples Republic of China Still considers their land (Taiwan) a part of China.
Republic Of China
 When Civil War broke out in China, the match was set between the Nationalists and the Communists.
 The Nationalists were led by Jiang Jieshi and ruled Southern China, they were supported by the United States.
 The Communists were led by Mao Zedong and controlled Northern China , they were supported by the
Soviet Union.
 The Nationalists were weak with poor morale, and corrupt leadership.
 The Communists defeated the Nationalists, who fled to Taiwan and created the Republic Of China.
 The Communists took over China and named it the People’s Republic of China.
Four Modernizations (1980)
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1980 Deng Xiaoping took over China
Supported new reforms in Communism
Called for moderate changes
Progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology
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Farming-modernize and mechanized.
Industry-upgrade and expand.
Science and technology were promoted.
Defense-military forces were improved.
 Was very successful
 Food production increased by 50%.
China’s Human Rights Violations
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China will not give political freedoms
China has been known for human rights violations.
China’s violations of human rights has strained relations with western nations and the United States.
Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square
 1989 demonstrators in Beijing wanted more rights and freedoms.
 The government used tanks and troops on the demonstrators.
 Thousands were killed.
 The Chinese government showed that they were in control and would offer no political freedoms.
Tiananmen Square-1989
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Huge public space in Beijing, China.
Deng Xiaoping began to make reforms in China.
Not sticking to the communist ways, some people got worried that China would become democratic.
In April,1989, about 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square.
The chanted and protested for democratic reforms.
They had widespread support.
Deng sent in troops and tanks to break up the riots. Most of the protestors left, but about 3,000 stayed.
The soldiers then came in an opened fire on all of the protestors.
One brave man stood in front of the convoy of tanks that were coming in to the square. When they
moved he moved. He blocked the tanks from coming in. The tanks couldn’t run him over, due to all
of the media. The tanks finally gave up and turned around after a few hours.
Nationalism in the Middle East
Zionism
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A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Theodor Herzl – fought for the creation of the Jewish state of Israel.
The Jews believed that Palestine was their original homeland, and that they had the rights to the land.
After the Holocaust, large numbers of Jews move into Palestine.
In 1947, the Jews get parts of Palestine and rename it Israel.
Belfour Declaration
 After WWI the British and the French controlled the Middle East.
 The Jews wanted a Jewish state while the Arabs feared the new Jews creating and economic hardship for
them.
 Britain tried to please both sides and created the Belfour Declaration
.
 Since both sides Arabs and Jews could not live together Britain decided to partition Palestine.
 Both Jews and Arabs would have land they could call their home.
 Also Jews and Arabs began to violently clash over rights to Palestine.
Creation Of Israel
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In 1947 Britain could no longer control the area and looked to the United Nations for help.
The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state.
The Jews agreed to the plan the Arabs did not.
In 1948 Britain withdrew
The Jews proclaimed Israel an independent state.
The U.S. and Soviet Union both recognized Israel as a state.
Because the Arab states did not recognize Israel, they began to attack Israel.
In 1948 the Israeli’s fought the War for Independence.
Arab forces from Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and Lebanon attacked Israel.
Israel won the war and doubled it’s land and gained one half of Jerusalem.
Israel (1950-1980)
 Cold War in the Middle East
 Under Nasser’s leadership Egypt took part in two wars against Israel.
 The Soviet Union supported Egypt and Nasser and the United States supported Egypt
 Creation of Israel
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The UN decided to split up Palestine in an Arab state and Jewish state (Israel)
Soon after Israel was formed the Arabs attacked Israel.
The Israelis forces won the first several wars.
As a result Israel nearly doubled its territory.
Between 1948-1980 nearly 2-million Jews migrated to Israel.
Israel’s Wars
 The Arab-Israeli Wars occurred between 1948 and 1979.
 1948 the War for Independence
 1958 the Suez Crisis (Israel was denied use of the Suez Canal by Egypt) Israel won.
 1967 Six Day War (Egypt and Syria attack Israel. In six days Israel takes over the Sinai Peninsula, Golan
Heights, and all of Jerusalem)
 1973 Yom Kippur (Egypt and Syria attack Israel to try to re-gain lost land) Israel holds off both
countries.
P.L.O. (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
 After the Israeli wars 700,000 Arabs/Palestinians fled to neighboring countries.
 Many Arabs had to live in camps as refugees.
 The Arabs lived in both poverty and were discriminated against by the Israeli’s
 Many terrorist groups grew out of these Arabs refugees.
 The PLO is a terrorist group that opposes the creation of Israel.
Through terrorism, the PLO aims to re-establish Palestine as a Muslim state.
The PLO is responsible for the deaths of many Israeli civilians through suicide bombings.
Yasir Arafat
 1965-2004
 Yasir Arafat led the PLO in Israel, or the Palestine Liberation Organization.
 In the 1970s-80s the PLO fought the Israeli army but it soon change to civil disobedience which put pressure
on Israel.
 In 1991 peace talks began.
 Arafat worked out a peace plan with the Prime Minister of Israel and was later awarded the Noble Prize for
it.
Intifada
 The Palestinians living in Israel were and resented Israeli rule.
 They formed the Palestine Liberation Organization, or PLO
 In 1987 Palestinians began to show their frustration in a widespread campaign of civil disobedience called
intifada, or uprising.
 They used boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers, and teenagers throwing rocks.
 This continued into the 1990s, with little progress made.
 However, the interest of the world was captured and pressure was put on Israel.
 In 1991 peace talks began Israeli and Palestinian delegates met in a series of peace talks.
Camp David Accords (1979)
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Discussion of issues between Egypt and Israel
13 days long
Signed the Camp David Accords
Ended hostilities between Israel and Egypt
Israel gave Egypt back the Sinai peninsula
Egypt the first Middle Eastern country to recognized Israel as a legitimate country
Islamic Fundamentalism
 In the 1970’s Muslims began to oppose westernization.
 They wanted to return to the Islamic ways to solve the problems of their countries.
 Iran’s Khomeini led history's first modern Islamic revolution essentially turning Iran from a modernizing
secular nation back into a Islamic state based on strict Islamic law and tradition
 Some of the impacts were.
 Banning all western books, movies and music
 Strict adherence to the Muslim religion
 Rights taken away from women
 Encouraged other Muslim countries to overthrow their governments.
Iran-Iraq War
 The war started in 1980, caused by territorial struggles between Iranians and Iraqis.
 The Iranian leader, Khomeini, encouraged Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow the secular governments in
different nations and become a unified Muslim nation.
 The Iraqis belonged to a rival Muslim sect, the Sunnis, while the Iranians were Shi’a Muslims.
 Iraq was led by Saddam Hussein, a military leader who enforced a secular government.
 The two neighboring countries fought until the UN ceasefire ended the war in 1988.
Persian Gulf War
 In 1990, Iraq invades Kuwait
 Threatens Kuwait oil industry
 The U.S. states saw Iraq as a threat to other Middle Eastern countries (Saudi Arabia) but also oil
production
 The U.S. response
 Formed a trade embargo against Iraq.
 Peacekeeping troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.
 Iraq was told to get out of Kuwait
 United nations declared war on Iraq when international economic embargo failed and the UN
Coalition won the war against Iraq
 The war served to show how globally linked the economies or the world are.
Cold War
Cold War
 The Cold War was a continuing state of tension and hostility between the United
States and the Soviet Union.
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It started after World War II
It was considered a “cold” war because armed battle between the superpowers did not occur.
The United States feared communism and wanted to stop the Soviet Union from spreading it.
Even though the United States and the Soviet Union never fought directly, they fought through other
countries like in The Vietnam War and The Korean War.
 It was and arms race. Each country raced to have the most nuclear weapons.
 It eventually turned into and economic war with the United States winning.
Yalta Conference
 Cold War
 Postwar Plan
 In February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in the Soviet Union to decide what was
going to happen to Europe after World War Two
 They agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces,
( East and West ).
 France/Britain/United States- West Germany
 Soviet Union- East Germany
United Nations
 When the UN was started
 June 1945 US and Soviet Union joined with 48 other countries to form the UN
 Why the UN was started
 The countries wanted a peacekeeping organization that could stop wars and protect the citizens of the world.
 All countries were to be invited to join the UN
 The Security Council
 The Security Council was 5 permanent members: Britain, China, France, US and USSR
 The difference between the UN and the League of Nations was that the UN was to have the support
of all countries and also have a military to keep peace in the world
Two Superpowers
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After World War Two, many of the leading nations in the world were in decline (Germany, France, Britain).
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged after World War Two as the two world superpowers.
Superpower- describes each of the rivals that came to dominate global politics after World War Two.
Many other states in the world came under the domination or influence of these powers.
United States- Democratic
Soviet Union- Communist
Divided Germany
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From 1945 until 1990, Germany was divided into two countries: East Germany and West Germany.
East Germany was Communist and West Germany was a democracy.
The capital, Berlin, was divided into two cities as well.
All of this was decided at the Yalta Conference.
The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak so they could not start another World War and insisted on a
divided Germany.
 The western countries wanted to help Germany rebuild.
 Because of these disagreements, they split Germany in two, eastern side would be controlled by the Soviets,
and the western side by the United States.
 Germany was united after 1989 when the Berlin Wall separating the two countries was torn down.
The Iron Curtain
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After the war the Soviets were responsible for re-building Eastern Europe.
Stalin wanted a buffer zone in Europe.
Soon Stalin supported pro-communist governments in eastern Europe.
Europe became divided east=communist west=democracy
This became known as the Iron Curtain.
These pro-communist countries loyal to the Soviet Union became known as satellites
Containment
 The United States developed a program called Containment.
 This policy was first outlined under the Truman Doctrine.
 The U.S. would use military alliances-NATO
 Economic aid-The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan
 Military involvement-Korean War/Vietnam War
 To stop the spread of Communism in the world
Truman Doctrine
 A US policy of giving economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external
opponents, announced by President Harry Truman in 1947
 On Dec. 31, 1946, President Truman declared an end to the period of World War II.
 Early in 1947 the British said they could not support the Greek government after March 31.
 President Truman met the problem by asking Congress for 400 million dollars to aid Greece and
Turkey. Congress appropriated the money. This policy of aid, popularly known as the Truman
Doctrine, was an American challenge to Soviet ambitions throughout the world.
 The Communists gained control over many nations in eastern Europe
 President Truman realized that the U.S. would have to lead in the fight for freedom
Marshall Plan
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Much of Western Europe was in ruins after World War II
Marshall Plan – U.S. would give aid to any European country that needed it
The plan cost $12.5 billion dollars, and was approved after Czechoslovakia was seized by the Soviets
This plan proved to be a success in Western Europe and Yugoslavia
NATO
 National Alliance Treaty Organization After the Berlin Airlift and the division of West Germany and East Germany, western European countries
formed an alliance that consisted of military support.
 The members of the National Alliance Treaty Organization pledged to support each other if any member
nation was attacked.
 Soviet Union…a threat! The Soviets saw this organization as a threat to them during the Cold War.
 They decided to make a reflection, and started and formed the Warsaw Pact, which consisted of other nations
that supported the Soviet Union and their communist government.
 The Warsaw pact was also a defense alliance, that promised military cooperation if any others were attacked
or asked to do so.
Warsaw Pact
 A military alliance formed during the Cold War, in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern
European countries.
 The Soviets viewed the United States’ NATO as a threat, so they formed their own alliance as part of
their containment policy – splitting the world into two sides.
 The Soviets allied with Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and
Albania.
 The United States and Canada, along with ten Western European nations joined together to form
NATO.
 Some countries, like China and India, refused to ally with either the U.S. or the Soviets.
Berlin Wall
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The wall was put up in 1949.
It separated East and West Berlin
The wall became a symbol of the Cold War-the division between democracy and communism
East was communist
West was democratic
West was It came down in 1989
Hungarian Revolution
 Hungarians wanted to end Soviet domination and end the Communist party control in Hungary. Hungarians
began to revolt against the Soviets.
 November 4, 1956, Soviet forces launched a major attack on Hungary aimed at crushing, once and for all, the
spontaneous national uprising that had begun 12 days earlier.
 Hungarian Prime Minister Imre Nagy announced the invasion to the nation in a grim, 35-second broadcast,
declaring: "Our troops are fighting. The Government is in its place”
 Nagy finally agreed to leave the Yugoslav Embassy. But he was immediately arrested by Soviet security
officers and flown to a secret location in Romania. By then, the fighting had mostly ended, the Hungarian
resistance had essentially been destroyed.
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
 In 1968, the Communist leader of Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek, loosened communist constraints on
the people.
 This movement toward a more civil communism became known as Prague Spring.
 The Soviets disliked this movement and felt they needed to stop the movement
 On August 20 the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries invaded Czechoslovakia.
 Dubcek was expelled from the Communist Party, and did not regain political power until 1989 when he
began to share power with the Soviet Union.
Arms Race
∙United States and Soviet Union
Both places armed themselves preparing to withstand attack from each other.
The U.S. developed the atomic bomb during World War II.
Soviets developed their own in 1949.
Both superpowers spent a lot of money for 40 years to make more weapons.
They raised a lot of tension between one another.
People were feared that these weapons would destroy the world.
MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction)
 The reason for the build-up was for both First Strikes and Mutual Assured Destruction of each
country.
 If the Soviets planned to attack the U.S. with nuclear weapons then the U.S. would respond with
the same.
Space Race
During the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union competed against
each other to get satellites and the newest technology into orbit.
The space race started in the late 1950’s.
Both countries wanted to explore and over time control space.
The Soviet Union was the first to launch a satellite into space called Sputnik in October of 1957.
The two countries get launching men and rockets into space in hopes to outdo each other and in
July of 1969 the United States puts a man on the moon..
The two superpowers realized that they would have to peacefully coexist in space as well as on
earth.
Korean War
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Korea became a divided nation with a communist north and a non-communist south
1949 both the U.S. and the Soviet Union were mostly out of Korea
The communist North Koreans tried to take over all of Korea
The United Nations voted to send in troops to fight off the invading North Koreans
The U.N. forces drove the North Koreans back to the Chinese border
China, feeling threatened gave 300,000 troops to North Korea and the U.N. was driven back to and the
North Koreans captured the South Korean capitol of Seoul
 Once again the U.N. fought back until each army was at the same place it started, the 38th Parallel
 Each country signed a ceasefire in July 1953 and is still divided today on the 38th Parallel
 Till this day Korea still remains divided
Vietnam War
 In 1956 elections were to be held to unify Vietnam.
 However the U.S. back South Vietnam government feared that the communist would gain control of
Vietnam and refused to hold the elections.
 The Viet Cong communist rebels who began to strike out at the South and Diem were supported by Ho Chi
Minh.
 The U.S. began to send troops to support Diem against the Viet Cong.
 To stop communism large numbers of American troops were sent to Vietnam.
 From 1959 to 1975 U.S. troops served in Vietnam. In 1969 500,00 troops were in Vietnam.
 The U.S. policy for sending troops to Vietnam was the fear that if Vietnam fell to the communist then all the
other countries in Southeast Asia would fall like a domino.
 South Vietnam and the U.S. were unable to stop the communist.
 In 1973 President Nixon orders a cease fire and begins pulling out troops.
 In 1975 Vietnam is turned back to the Vietnamese. (Vietnamization)
 In 1975 the communist capture all of Vietnam.
Castro
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In 1898 Cuba gained it’s independence from Spain.
Cuba then fell under U.S. influence for 60 years.
In 1952 Fulgencio Batista takes control of the government
Batista’s government is corrupt and repressive.
Fidel Castro organizes a guerrilla army to fight Batista.
Castro does the following after taking control of the country in 1959.
 Turns the country into a communist state.
 Becomes a dictator.
 Allies Cuba with the Soviet Union.
Bay of Pigs
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Cuba receives aid from the Soviets which is a direct threat to the United States.
In 1961 the United States supports Cuban nationalist who want to overthrow Castro.
The invaders are quickly defeated.
The invasion fails.
The United States imposes an embargo on Cuba.
This pushes Cuba closer to the Soviets in 1962.
Cuban Missile Crisis
 After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, that convinced the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, that the United
States might attack the communist nation of Cuba.
 On July 1962 he began to build 42 missile sites on Cuba.
 In October, an American spy plane found one of the missile bases on Cuba and the U.S. took that as a direct
threat to them.
 President Kennedy demanded the Soviets stop building missile bases or he would have to take action.
 Kennedy also announced a quarantine, or a blockade of Cuba to prevent the Soviets installing more missiles.
 Castro protest his country being used as a pawn but Cuba was already deeply involved.
 This put the Soviets and the United States on a collision course, and many people thought this would lead to
World War III, A Nuclear War.
 Fortunately, Khrushchev backed down in an agreement that the U.S. would not invade Cuba if the Soviets
dismantled their missile bases.
 The resolution of the missile crisis left Castro completely dependent on the Soviet Unions aid.
Non-aligned Nations
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There was a new group of countries during the Cold War, The Third World.
These countries vowed non-alignment or did not join either of the super powers
Two main countries that were non-aligned were India and Indonesia
1955, Indonesia held the Banding conference, Asian and African countries attended.
At the conference the formed the “Third Force”
Détente
 Widespread popular protests wracked the United States during the Vietnam War.
 As it tried to heal its internal wounds the U.S began backing the away from its policy of direct confrontation
with the Soviet Union.
 Détente was a policy of lessoned cold war tensions.
 Detente replaced brinkmanship (willingness to go to war) during the administration of President Richard M.
Nixon.
 Nixon's move toward détente grew from a philosophy known as realpolitik.
 This comes from the German word meaning “realistic politics”.
 While the U.S continued to contain the spread of communism, the two superpowers agreed to pursue détente
and to reduce its tensions.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to hold onto their power there
Found themselves stuck there just like the U.S. in Vietnam
The Afghans were supplied with U.S. weapons and hid in their mountain strongholds
U.S. had sent arms to protect the rich oil supplies in the Middle East
The war ended the policy of Détente between the US and the Soviets
After a ten-year occupation, the Soviet Union finally withdrew
Mikhail Gorbachev
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The last leader of the Soviet Union, afterward it became Russia again.
A young conservative with new ideas for the Soviet Union.
He wanted to encourage social and economic changes in the Soviet Union.
Instituted policies to create financial stability in the USSR.
Perestroika
What Is It?
 Perestroika was a policy introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia, and it was a policy of economic
restructuring.
 In 1986 Gorbachev made changes to revive the Soviet economy.
 Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed to open
small private businesses.
 Gorbachev’s goal was not to throw out communism, but to make the system more efficient and productive.
 Gorbachev’s Perestroika was more like Lenin’s system of Communism that Stalin’s system of Communism.
Glasnost
 Gorbachev's policy of "openness"; a social and economic plan that promoted the free flow of
ideas and information with the hopes of reform and progress.
Lech Walesa
 Who He Was
 In the 1980’s in Poland, economic hardships caused labor unrest.
 Led by Lech Walesa, workers organized Solidarity, and independent trade union.
 After being imprisoned for his strikes, he was released and won both the Nobel Peace Prize and his country’s
presidency.
 National hero.
 Solidarity
 Independent trade union formed in Poland in 1980.
 With millions of members, Solidarity called for political change.
 This became the main force of opposition to Communist rule in Poland.
Star Wars Defense System
 The anti-Communist president Ronald Regan took office in 1981
 He continued the U.S.’s retreat from Détente
 In 1983 he announced a program to protect America against enemy missiles (SDI- Strategic Defense
Initiative)
 He named it Star Wars after the popular movie
 It was never put into effect but raised tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union
Economics after WWII
Economies of Developing Nations
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"The trade policies of the industrialized countries cause great harm to the economies of
many developing nations which depend heavily upon agriculture,"
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Another common way to refer to developed versus developing nations is by dividing the
globe along geographical lines
Dependence on the World Market
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The global South is affected by post-colonialism. Much of the labor force is engaged in agriculture.
The global South countries depend on the developed nations for manufactured good and technology while
exporting cash crops.
This leads to trade deficits, a situation in which a nation imports more than it exports.
Economic struggles and the desire to develop quickly have led to heavy borrowing from foreign banks,
putting them in debt.
In 1980s interest rates rose, and there was a global economic slowdown.
Resources had to be sent on the rising interest payments. Lowering productivity and increased debt.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
 In the 1970s they developed their own economic policies.
European Union
Joining together
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The European Union is the creation of a new economy where everyone including the western nations joined
OPEC Oil Crisis
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OPEC means the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
This was a trade group that attempts to set world oil prices by controlling oil production.
In 1973, OPEC nations halted exports of oil to certain countries.
Egypt and Israel were at war. Arab countries the embargo against the U.S. and other countries that supported
Israel. This made prices skyrocket.
 In the 1980’s and 1990’s, a surplus of oil allowed prices to fall.
 In 1998, OPEC nations cut oil production and oil prices rose all over the world.
World Trade Organization
 The World Trade Organization was established to supervise free trade.
 Made up by mostly wealthy nations, including the United States, Great Britain, and China.
 They control most of the trade in the world, often neglecting 3rd world nations.
Pacific Rim
 The Pacific Rim is the region that has Southeast Asia and East Asia in it
 It is a group of nations in Asia and America that boarder the Pacific Ocean
 Countries on the Pacific Rim became important parts of the global economy
North American Free Trade Agreement
 WHO: United States of America, Canada, Mexico
 WHAT: Regional Cooperation that has linked the economy of the U.S., Canada and Mexico to help to
achieve prosperity and improve regional self-reliance.
Conflict and Peace after WWII
Sandinistas
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This was a communist rebel group.
These people where out to over through the dictatorship of Somoza’s son.
The United States and the Soviet Union helped these people, by giving aid and supplies..
There leader was named Daniel Ortega.
Terrorism
 Terrorism is the use of unpredictable violence, especially against civilians, to gain revenge or achieve
political goals.
 Terrorism is usually used by groups of people who do not have their own military power in their
country.
 Terrorists use tactics such as bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, and hijackings.
 Terrorist are beginning to threaten other country with nuclear and chemical weapons.
Northern Ireland
Troubles in Northern Ireland
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Protestant majority controlled Northern Ireland’s government and economy.
Northern Ireland decided to stay united with Great Britain and Catholics resented the division.
In 1960’s Catholic groups began to want more civil rights.
Used violent rioting and fighting between Catholics and Protestants.
In 1994, militant groups on both sides decided to cease fire and have face-to-face talks.
Irish Republican Army
 A Catholic group whose goal was to drive the British from Northern Ireland and unify the country.
 A cease-fire was declared in 1995, but incidents have continued to occur
9/11
World Towers attacked by terrorists killed over 2,000 people.
Terrorist who attacked the United States claimed that they wanted to drive western influence out of the Middle
East.
While it was the first major terrorist attack on U.S. soil Europe, the Middle East and the rest of the world has
been dealing with terrorism for decades.
Slobodan Milosevic
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Slobodan Milosevic was the president of Yugoslavia
He was a Serb and he resorted to violence against Muslims and other groups in the former Yugoslavia
The killing of these groups was called Ethnic Cleansing or a Genocide
He used the Yugoslavian army to try to prevent non-Serbs from breaking away from Yugoslavia
Ethnic Cleansing
 The policy of removing or killing certain people of ethnic groups
 Ethnic groups applies to people of certain races
 The Holocaust was a form of ethnic cleansing
in this picture a Jewish boy is being hanged
ex: ethnic groups
Cambodian Genocide
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In 1975 Communist guerrillas known as the Khamer Rouge took control of Cambodia.
Cambodia is located next to Vietnam.
The leader of the Khamer Rouge Pol Pot began to remove all western influences from the country.
Millions of innocent people were murdered in an effort to promote this non western influence.
Many intellectuals were killed in the genocide.
In 1979 the government of Vietnam entered Cambodia and removed Pol Pot and the Khamer Rouge
Rwanda Genocide
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In 1994 ethnic conflict between Hutu and Tutsi tribe members lead to a genocide.
85% of the population consisted of Hutu while 15 % consisted of Tutsi.
Hutu extremist wanted to kill off the Tutsi tribe members and in 1994 they launched and attack on the Tutsi.
In about two months almost a million people were killed. One person every 17 seconds.
The genocide was finally stopped after three month by Tutsi backed rebels.
The Hutu extremist were removed from power.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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In 1948, the U.N. ratified this document to set down human rights standards for all nations
It states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person
Many people around the world became involved in assuring that these rights were respected
Many organizations, like Amnesty International, work to track human rights violations
The Green Revolution (1960’s)
 Increasing the Food Supply:
 Due to the overpopulation problem in the world scientist needed to find a way to increase food
production.
 New fertilizers, pesticides, grains and livestock were developed.
 In the 1960’s this new technology was introduced to poor, developing countries such as India and
Indonesia.
 The new technology was a success and was called the Green Revolution.
 Problems with the Green Revolution:
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While the Green Revolution increased food it did not end poverty or world hunger.
Technology had limitations.
Populations grew faster then food production.
Poor farmers could not afford the new technology.
Acid Rain
 Acid rain is formed from too much acidic compounds that build up and released as rain.
 This will then fall, and then begin to eat away at buildings, plants, and other organisms.
 Acid rain is started by factories spewing out loads of chemical bi-products into the air.
Global Warming
 Greenhouse Effect
 Scientist are concerned with the rising temperatures of the Earth.
 Causes of the Greenhouse Effect
 The burning of fossil fuels like coal by major industrial nations.
 The burning of rain forest and other forest.
 The depletion of the ozone layer
 Outcome
 Scientist fear that the rising temperatures could effect
 Agriculture
 Cause the melting of the ice caps and coastal flooding
 In 1997 the U.N. set limits on pollutions that can be put into the air to stop this warming.
Desertification
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Desertification is the changeover from arable, land that can not be farmed on, into desert.
Desertification is caused mostly by human activity.
o Overgrazing by livestock such as sheep and cattle eliminates the grasses that hold the soil together to
prevent erosion.
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o Cutting down forests robs the land of another barrier to soil erosion.
As grass and trees are eliminate, the soil loses it’s nutrients.
The expansion of deserts is one cause of famine.
AIDS
 AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. A disease of the human immune caused by HIV.
 Already, more than twenty million people around the world have died of AIDS-related diseases. In 2004, 3.1
million men, women and children have died. The term epidemic is used when HIV and AIDS are widespread
 It is in Africa in some of the poorest countries in the world, that the impact of the virus has been most
severe. Altogether, there are now 16 countries in Africa in which more than one-tenth of the adult population
aged 15-49 is infected with HIV. In seven countries, all in the southern cone of the continent, at least one
adult in five is living with the virus.
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Eleven men, women, and children around the world were infected per minute during 1998—close to six million people.
Genocide
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Started in around 1938, in Germany
The Nazis made the Jews wear yellow stars of David
1935- Nuremburg laws passed
They were laws that oppressed Jews
More than 6 million Jews were Murdered during this genocide
Global Themes
Why Themes
The Global examination is based on themes
throughout history.
Often times these themes are tested on both the
thematic essay and the Document Based Essay
(DBQ).
By knowing the themes one will be better
prepared to answer the essay questions.
Change
Change means the basic alteration in things,
events, and ideas.
Throughout global history major changes have
had a significant and lasting impact on human
development.
Change
 Neolithic Revolution
11,000 years ago people started farming and living in permanent
settlements. The first civilizations emerge.
 Industrial Revolution
Factories and machines become the dominate means of
production. This change results in urbanization, higher
standard of living, pollution, overcrowded cities, capitalism and
Marxist Socialism (Communism)
 Chinese Communist Revolution
In 1948 Mao and the Communist take over China. China
becomes an economic power and communism has adapted to
the modern world
Change
Other examples are
Crusades
The Bubonic Plague
Renaissance
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Agrarian Revolution
Reformation
African Nationalism (Pan-Africanism)
Neolithic
 Neolithic revolution was around 10,000 B.C.
 Environmental changes caused an end to the stone age because people could farm and domesticate animals.
 People no longer had to wander to search for food but could raise their own food and live in permanent
settlements.
 This new age was called the Neolithic period
 The new discoveries called the Neolithic Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution
because the new farming discoveries changed the way people lived.
Industrial Revolution
Agrarian Revolution
 Increased Food Production Change in methods of farming…
 Technology The Dutch began building dikes and made ways to protect their farmland form the sea and used fertilizer to
improve the soil.
 British invented new ways to increase food production, Jethro Tull, invented the Seed Drill, which planted
seeds in rows.
 Enclosure Movement The neighboring farmers took down their fences in an attempt to increase the food production by having
larger crops, and also, it increased the size of fields from small strip crops to larger crops.
 Population Explosion The Revolution lead to a great increase in population, and Europe’s population increased form about 120
million to about 190 million people.
Enclosure Movement
Enclosure
The combining of many small farms to make one larger farm which produces more food
Made farming more efficient
Fewer farmers were needed
Unemployed farmers moved to cities to look for work
Improved agricultural production
Population Explosion
 In the 1800s, after the Agrarian Revolution, more people had a larger and better selection of food for their
diets.
 People began to live longer and be healthier and because of this the population grew.
 Because of this population explosion many people began to move to the cities looking for work.
 This was called urbanization
 Most city’s population doubled, or even tripled
Causes of the Industrial
Revolution
 Agrarian Revolution:
 Build dikes to protect to protect farmland from
the sea
 Animal fertilizer to improve soil
 Invent seed drill
 more food production
 Population Explosion:
 People eat better
 Women give birth to healthier babies
 Better medical care
 Slows death rate
 Energy Revolution:
 Water wheels power new machines
 Coal used to fuel steam engine
Factory System
 Factories were first used to mass produce textile goods.
 They used inventions like the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and the spinning mule to quickly produce large
amounts of product.
 The factory system cut prices of goods by lowering the number of workers needed to create the products.
 In the early 1800s factories began appearing in large numbers along river banks, where they could use water
as an energy supply.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
 Began in Britain.
 Quickened the work process in Britain.
 Britain was able to take raw cotton from the U.S. and quickly turn the cotton into a finished good and sell the
good back to the U.S. at a higher price.
 John Kay invented “the flying shuttle” that carried thread speedily back and forth on the loom while the
weaver pulled the handle.
 Many new inventions in the textile industry allowed this industry to become the first factory system.
Rise of Big Business
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The need for the investment of large amounts of money in business
Business owners sold stocks, or shares in their companies, to investors
This allowed businesses to expand into many areas
Investors and businessmen made large sums of money in short period of time
Working Conditions of the Industrial
Revolution
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Factory work hours were long.
Men, women, and even children worked for 12 to 16 hours a day.
Mass production methods led to work that was boring.
Many machines were dangerous.
Many people lost limbs in machines.
Dim lighting.
New Class Structure
 During the Industrial Revolution a new class structure emerged.
 Upper Class
 Very rich business families
 Members of the class often married into nobility.
 Upper Middle Class
 Business people and professionals (Lawyers and Doctors)
 High standard of living
 Lower Middle Class
 Below the upper middle class
 Made of teachers, office workers, and shop owners
 The Bottom
 Factory workers and peasants.
 Harsh living and working conditions.
Changes in Social Roles
 The upper class was mostly made up of very rich industrial and business families. These people often married
into noble families.
 Upper middle class consisted of: Lawyers and Doctors (business people/professionals)
 Lower middle class consisted of: Teachers, Office Workers, Shop Owners, and Clerks.
 The lower class was mostly made up of factory workers and peasants. These people faced harsh work and
living conditions.
Rise In The Standard Of Living
 During the Industrial Revolution many economic and social changes came.
 Settlement patterns shifted over time. People who could afford it now moved out of the center of cities to
cleaner and better sections of the cities
 The rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the edge of the cities
 The poor were crowded into the slums in city centers, near factories.
 Over time, conditions in the cities improved.
 People were eating more varied diets and were healthier, thanks to the advances in medicine.
Adam Smith
 Writer of The Wealth of Nations in 1776 Adam Smith defended the idea of a free market economy
 He believed that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
 He argued in his book that if people followed only their own self interest then the world would be an orderly
and progressive place. And that the economy would not require any government interference.
 These ideas were central to the development of capitalism
 Born 1723 died 1790
Laissez-Faire Economics
 “ Laissez faire refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business
set working conditions without government interference.”
 Laissez faire roughly translated is “Let people do as they please.”
 This policy comes from French 18th century enlightenment philosophers.
 These philosophers thought that government restrictions and regulations interfered with the production of
wealth.
 Laissez faire stresses that free trade is necessary for a prosperous economy.
 Adam Smith wrote a book The Wealth of Nations, in 1776 and in this book he defended the free market idea
and said that “economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.”
Socialism
 The ideas of socialism were founded by French reformers Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon,
these ideas were to offset the cirrcumstances that emerged as a result of the industrial
revolution.
 The means of a production in a socialist community are owned and opperated by the public for
the good of the community.
 All means of transportation and production should been opperated and owned by the
government.
 The mian intention behind socialism was to eliminate poverty, create equality and end social
descrimination between the classes of rich and poor.
 Marxist communism and the Communist Manifesto were later based on socialist ideas and
philosifies.
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Karl Marx
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Karl Marx studied philosophy at the university of Berlin before hr turned to journalism and economics
A German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.
Marx described communism as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production, all land,
mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, would be owned by the people. All goods and services would
be shared equally.
Marx believed that the Industrial Revolution had caused the rich to become richer and the workers to
become more impoverished.
History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat) and
that the proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
Marxist Socialism
 This is a new kind of economic system.
 This is means that everybody shares the wealth.
 This idea came from the view of the Industrial revolution that the rich become richer while the poor become
poorer
 The founder of socialism is Karl Marx.
 History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat)
 In order to make profits the capitalist took advantage of the working class (Lower wages).
 The proletariat would
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Rise up and overthrow the capitalist system
Create their own government.
Take control of the means of production.
Establish a classless, communist, society.
Wealth would be shared.
Mass Starvation in Ireland
British Rule
 Migrations occurred from Ireland, under British rule most of the land was used for farming.
 The British got all if the crops accept for the potato crops which the Irish made their main food which
supported the Irish for until 1845.
 In 1845 a disease had destroyed the potato crops, other crops where not affected.
 The British still continued to ship products out of Ireland
 4 years later, 1million Irish had died of starvation, millions of others moved to the U.S. and Canada.
Nationalism in China
Sun Yixian
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In the first decade of the 1900s, Chinese nationalism blossomed. Many reformers called for a new
government. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen), led the movement to replace the Qing dynasty.
Sun had three goals:
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To end foreign domination
To form a representative government
To create economic security for the Chinese people
In 1911, workers, peasants, students and warlords topples the monarchy and Sun Yixian was named president
of the Chinese Republic
Mao Zedong
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Leader of Chinese Communist Party beginning 1930’s
Fled Guomindang in 1934 with 100,000 followers – Long March
After 6,000 miles set up base in Northern China
Communists, Nationalists, Japanese battled for control of China
Civil war continued after World War Two
Mao and Communists won in 1949
Mao had support of huge peasant population by promising land
Had support of women by rejecting old inequalities
Mao’s army used hit-and-run guerrilla tactics
Nationalist government corrupt
Mao became dictator of China, based his government on Soviet Union
Great Leap Forward failed
Cultural Revolution was when the government shut down schools and executed intellectuals
The Long March
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Mao Zedong
Becomes the leader of the Communist in China.
In the 1930’s he flees the Nationalist Government with 100,000 followers in 1934.
This was known as the Long March.
The marchers traveled 6,000 miles.
They ended up in Northern China.
Only about 20,000 survived.
The Communist began battling the Nationalist for power of China
Great Leap Forward
 Program begun by Mao Zedong in china in 1958 to increase agricultural and industrial output
 Agriculture
 Mao creates large collective farms called communes.
 Life on communes is strictly controlled.
 People live in common dorms, eat in common dining rooms, and own no property.
 Each commune had a high quota to reach for production.
 Many hate the communes.
 The workers receive no pay for their labor.
 Only the state prospers.
 No incentive to work for the state.
 Agricultural output declined.
 Further between 1958 and 1961 crop failures cause a famine which kills 20 million people.
Communes(1958)
 Communes are the same thing as collective farming, which was first invented by Stalin, from the Soviet
Union.
 This time they were being used by Mao Zedong, in China.
 The communes were to produced enough food for China.
 Many hated the communes and refused to work on the communes
 A communes is a group of farms put together to help each other, so that way they can be twice as efficient
with supplies.
 The commune system was a failure and many starved because of the lack of production
Cultural Revolution
 Moa launched the Cultural Revolution to renew people’s loyalty to the Communist party and to establish a
more equitable society.
 Mao feared that peasants and farm workers were being replaced by the intellectuals. So he shut down the
schools. By doing this he basically “retarded” his country.
 He urged students to experience a revolution of their own so they formed fighting groups called the Red
Guard.
 They attacked professors, government officials and factory managers. Many of whom were exiled or
executed.
 China was in a state of chaos
 After 10 years the Cultural Revolution was deemed a failure and stopped by Mao
Red Guard (1966)
 Mao disapproved of China’s new economic policies, believing that they weakened the communist goal of
social equality.
 Determined to revive the revolution, Mao launched a new campaign in 1966
 He urged China’s young people to “learn revolution by making revolution.”
 Millions of high school and college students join the Red Guard.
 They attack the professors, government workers, factory managers, and either exile or execute them.
The Little Red Book
 The Little Red Book
 A series of quotes by Mao on how China should run.
 Known as the bible of Communist China.
 Used by the Red Guard to create a cult for Mao and Mao was seen as god-like
 The quotes were often unclear, and did not follow any pattern and after the Cultural Revolution the
book was used less often.
Peoples Republic of China
 The peoples Republic of China is a communist state on the Asian Mainland.
 China was split up into two, The Peoples Republic of China and the Republic of China.
 The Peoples Republic of China has a communist government.
 The Peoples Republic of China Still considers their land (Taiwan) a part of China.
Republic Of China
 When Civil War broke out in China, the match was set between the Nationalists and the Communists.
 The Nationalists were led by Jiang Jieshi and ruled Southern China, they were supported by the United States.
 The Communists were led by Mao Zedong and controlled Northern China , they were supported by the
Soviet Union.
 The Nationalists were weak with poor morale, and corrupt leadership.
 The Communists defeated the Nationalists, who fled to Taiwan and created the Republic Of China.
 The Communists took over China and named it the People’s Republic of China.
Four Modernizations (1980)
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1980 Deng Xiaoping took over China
Supported new reforms in Communism
Called for moderate changes
Progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology
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Farming-modernize and mechanized.
Industry-upgrade and expand.
Science and technology were promoted.
Defense-military forces were improved.
 Was very successful
 Food production increased by 50%.
China’s Human Rights Violations
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China will not give political freedoms
China has been known for human rights violations.
China’s violations of human rights has strained relations with western nations and the United States.
Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square
 1989 demonstrators in Beijing wanted more rights and freedoms.
 The government used tanks and troops on the demonstrators.
 Thousands were killed.
 The Chinese government showed that they were in control and would offer no political freedoms.
Tiananmen Square-1989
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Huge public space in Beijing, China.
Deng Xiaoping began to make reforms in China.
Not sticking to the communist ways, some people got worried that China would become democratic.
In April,1989, about 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square.
The chanted and protested for democratic reforms.
They had widespread support.
Deng sent in troops and tanks to break up the riots. Most of the protestors left, but about 3,000 stayed.
The soldiers then came in an opened fire on all of the protestors.
One brave man stood in front of the convoy of tanks that were coming in to the square. When they
moved he moved. He blocked the tanks from coming in. The tanks couldn’t run him over, due to all
of the media. The tanks finally gave up and turned around after a few hours.
Renaissance
1300-1600
 A period of great change throughout Europe that involved advances in everything from art to
technology.
 The concept of humanism was developed during the early stages of the renaissance, this way
of thinking focused on the present and individual achievements.
 The artistic mentality of the renaissance was much like the art and sculpture of the golden ages
of Rome and Greece. Architecture also returned to Greco-roman fashions.
 Artisans were supported by rich nobles, princes and popes.
 Some of the most famous artisans include Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and Albrecht
Durer.
 Writing also changed during the renaissance, common language began to be used. Machiavelli,
Shakespeare, and Dante were three of the most famous for their literary works.
 The invention of the printing press made books more available to common people, literacy
increased.
 The protestant reformation led by Martin Luther and John Calvin sought to make changes in the
church, the result was two churches, Catholic and protestant.
Humanism
 During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new way of thinking called humanism.
 A Renaissance intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects that
the ancient Greeks and Romans had studied, rather that religious ones. They hoped to use ancient
learning to increase knowledge about their own times.
 Humanists influenced artists an architects to carry on classical traditions.
 Philosophers and writers had wondered about life after death during the middle ages. Renaissance
humanists, on the other hand, were more curious about life in the present.
Bubonic Plague
 Approximately two thirds of the population in China were wiped out by a deadly disease called the bubonic
plague, that also destroyed populations of Muslim towns in Southwest Asia and killed about one third of
Europe’s population.
 It started in the 1300s.
 The Plague began in Asia.
 The disease became known as the “Black Death.”
 It got its name from the purplish or blackish spots that it produced on the skin.
 The disease was spread by black rats that carried fleas from one area to another. These fleas were infested
with a bacillus called Yersinia pestis, and because people did not bathe and because of unsanitary conditions
the bubonic plague spread very quickly.
 Effects of the disease were high fever, chills, delirium, and in most cases death.
The Effect Of The Bubonic Plague
 In 1347 approximately one third of European’s population died of the deadly disease known as the bubonic
plague.
 The bubonic plague was also known as the black death and began in Asia.
 The black death traveled the trade lines infecting Asia, the Muslim world and eventually Europe.
 It got its name by the black spots that produced on the persons skin infected.
 The plague killed almost 25 million Europeans and millions in Asia and North Africa.
 The economic effects of the plague were enormous. Town populations fell and so did trade.
 The church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers and penances failed to stop the plague.
 The bubonic plague and its aftermath disrupted medieval society, hastening changes that were in the making.
 The society of the middle ages was collapsing.
MARTIN LUTHER
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A Renaissance individual that didn’t agree with the Catholic church.
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Outraged with the church he wrote 95 thesis (95 ideas that he did agree with), and posted his thoughts on the
church’s door.
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Was banned from the church after an argument about indulgences.
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After breaking away from the church he started the protestant religion.
95 Thesis
 WHO: Written by Martin Luther
 WHAT: Martin Luther posted a list of 95 Theses, or formal statements, that he wrote on the door of a castle
church in Wittenberg,
 WHERE: Posted them on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, became known all over Germany
 WHEN: October 31, 1517
 WHY: he did those because he did not agree with how a friar named John Tetzel was raising money to
rebuild a church in Rome. Tetzel was selling indulgences to people who have sinned, which would release
them from performing the penalty.
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
 Period of time in which a new way of thinking came about. The beliefs held by many for so long were now
being questioned.
 Use logic and reason to solve the problems of the world (Secular not church thought)
 New ideas about the solar system such as Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory and inventions like Galileo’s
telescope allowed scientists to learn more about the universe.
 Also, many new medical discoveries were made. Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope and first saw
red blood cells.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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1500’s when people started to challenge the old ideas about the world
The Scientific Method – approach to science using experimentation and
observation
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Copernicus – Heliocentric (theory that the world revolves around the sun)
Galileo – helped proved Heliocentric theory
Isaac Newton – Newton’s Laws of Physics
Brought upon Enlightenment!
Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Secular
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Secular teachings occurred during the Renaissance in Italy
Secular teachings were more concerned with worldly matters rather than spiritual
Secular teachings went against the church
Some church leaders though became more worldly rather then sticking with the church
They began to live in mansions, lavish banquets, and wore expensive clothing
Geocentric Theory
 The belief that the earth was the center of the universe and everything else revolved
around it.
Heliocentric (mid- 1500’s)
 Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish scholar who challenged the common belief that the
Earth was the center of the universe.
 Copernicus suggested that the universe actually revolved around the Sun.
 This theory was called heliocentric.
 At the time most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory.
Copernicus-1500’s
 Developed the Heliocentric or sun-centered theory
 Theory stated that the sun is the center of the universe and that everything revolves
around it
 It took Copernicus 25 years of studies to come up with this theory
 He wrote a book on his findings but feared persecution. He therefore didn’t publish it until 1543. He received
a copy of his book on his death bed.
Galileo
 Galileo Galilei was a young Italian scholar, who discovered the law of the pendulum and proved Aristotle’s
idea to be wrong, by watching a chandelier swing on its chain, and timing it with his on pulse and discovered
that each swing of the pendulum took the exact same amount of time.
 In another study, Galileo found that falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate. He again proved
Aristotle’s findings to be wrong. Aristotle had stated that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. From
the Tower of Pisa, Galileo dropped items of different weights, and calculated how fast each one fell.
Contrary to Aristotle’s belief, the objects fell at the same speed.
 Galileo had found out that a Dutch lens marker had built an instrument that would allow the looker to
enlarge far-off objects. Galileo had not even seen this device, yet he was able to build his own, and with a
few adjustments he was able to use his version of the telescope to study the stars.
 In 1610, Galileo had a series of newsletters published called the Starry Messenger, which described his
astronomical discoveries. He described his findings on the planets, the constellations, etc.
 Galileo’s findings led to major conflict with the Church, since his findings proved the Church wrong. The
Church did not want its followers to believe Galileo, because if they had known that they were wrong about
the Solar System, they might be wrong about religion too.
ISSAC NEWTON
 Born January 4, 1643; Died March 31, 1727
 At 25 years old he began revolutionary advances in math, physics, astronomy and optics.
 Sir Isaac Newton created the law of gravity and disproved Aristotle’s idea that every object attracts every
other object
 In 1967 Isaac Newton published his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
 This book is one of the most important scientific books ever written.
 He discovered that most everything in the universe could be expressed mathematically
Scientific Method (1600’s)
 It is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
 It begins with a question or problem arising from an observation.
 Next you form a hypothesis
 Then test the hypothesis by doing experiments and collecting data
 Lastly, analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion, that conclusion either proves or disproves
your hypothesis
 The work of two important thinkers helped to advance the new approach:
 Francis Bacon
 An English politician and writer
 He criticized the way both Aristotle and medieval scholars arrived at their conclusions
 He felt that they should experiment first and gather information, and than use that information to
draw their conclusions (this is called the experimental method)
 Rene Descartes
 Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry
 Like Bacon he believed scientists needed to reject old assumptions, but by using mathematics and
logic
 Everything should be doubted until proved by reason
 “I think, therefore I am”
Enlightenment
Enlightenment 1500s
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Enlightenment was the idea that man could use logic and reason to solve the social problems of the day.
Philosophers spread this idea of logic and reason to the people
Some famous philosophers were John Locke and Jean Jacque Rousseau
This Enlightened thinking lead people to begin to question the ideas of government and the right for absolute
monarchs to rule.
Voltaire
 Voltaire lived from 1694-1778. He was one of the great philosophers during enlightenment.
 Francois Marie Arouet, or Voltaire, published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, history,
fiction, and drama.
 Voltaire often used satire against his opponents, such as:
- The clergy.
- The aristocracy
- The government
 Voltaire was sent to prison twice and exiled to England for two years. On returning to France, he found he
liked England’s government more than his own. He then targeted the French government and even began to
question Christianity.
 Fearing another imprisonment, he fled France.
 Voltaire fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs, and freedom of speech.
John Locke
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Locke was a philosopher who held a positive view on human nature.
He believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves.
He believed people have a natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society.
Locke criticized absolute monarchs and favored the idea of self-government.
According to Locke all people are born free and equal, with three Natural Rights- Life, Liberty, and
Property
 The purpose of government, said Locke, is to protect these rights, if it fails to do so, citizens have a right to
overthrow it.
 The famous novel, Two Treaties of Government was written by John Locke.
Natural Rights
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Laws that govern human behavior
In the early 1700’s during the Enlightenment writers wanted to solve the problems of society
Developed by John Locke in the late 1600’s
People possess natural rights – the rights to life, liberty, and property
People form governments to protect their rights
If a government does not protect natural rights people have a right to overthrow the government
Later inspired American revolutionaries to write the Declaration of Independence
Jean Jacques Rousseau
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A French philosopher in the 1700’s.
Wrote the book the Social Contract
Believed that people were naturally good but corrupted by society.
Saw the unequal distribution of property as an evil in society
Believed that government should be run for the good of the majority
If government did not support the majorities rights they had the right to do way with that
government.
Montesquieu-1740’s
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Baron de Montesquieu devoted his studies to political liberty.
He was an aristocrat and a lawyer.
He studied the history of ancient Rome.
With similar beliefs to Voltaire, they both believed that Britain was the best-governed country of their day.
Separation of Powers
 His beliefs for separation of government included
- King and ministers held executive power- carried out laws of the state
- The Members of the Parliament held legislative, or the lawmaking power.
- Judges of the English court held the judicial power- interpreted laws and applied them to each case.
 His ideas would later be called, “Checks and Balances”
 Wrote the book, On the Spirit of Laws. This book stated that separation of powers would keep one branch
from overpowering the others.
The Social Contract(1651)
 During the scientific revolution the social contract was invented by Thomas Hobbs.
 The idea behind the contract was that a ruler would have absolute power given to him by the people who
were under exact control.
 Hobbes invention of this theory was partially due to him seeing the horrors of the English Civil War and
coming to the conclusion that all men were wicked and selfish.
 Hobbes was a believer in Absolute Monarchy or a ruler’s complete unquestionable control over his/her
people.
Absolute
monarchy
Thomas
Hobbes
Impact of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment sparked new political, social, artistic and scientific ideas.
During the Enlightenment people learned to use reason and logic to solve their problems.
 New concepts of freedom and individual rights arose.
Philosophers influenced history. For example, many of John Locke’s new political theories were
used in the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
People began to question established beliefs in government and social status
Enlightened Despot (1700)
 In the 1700s, Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe.
 Young people from around Europe-and also from the Americas-came to study, philosophize, and enjoy fine
culture.
 The brightest minds of the age gathered there. From their circles radiated the ideas of the Enlightenment.
 …the Enlightenment spirit also swept through Europe’s royal courts.
 Many philosophers believed that the best type of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected
the people’s rights.
 The philosophers tried to convince monarchs to rule justly.
 Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit.
 They became known as Enlightened Despots. Despot means absolute ruler.
 The enlightened depots supported the philosophers ideas. But they also had no intention of giving up any
power.
 The foremost of Europe's’ enlightened despots were Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia.
Catherine The Great
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Catherine the Great was also known as Catherine II and ruled Russia from 1762-1796.
She was well-educated and read the works of philosophers.
She ruled with absolute power, but took steps to modernize Russia.
In 1767 she proposed that the laws be reformed to follow Montesquieu and Beccaria.
She wanted to allow religious toleration and abolish torture and the death penalty, however these goals were
not accomplished.
 She granted limited reforms but did little to help the serfs, causing a revolt in 1773 which she had brutally put
down.
 She wanted to end serfdom, but she needed the support of the Nobles so stay in power, so serfdom stayed.
Turning Points
 Throughout human history various events have changed the way
people have lived. These events can be political revolutions,
social and religious changes, new technologies, or the exploration
of unknown places. These changes occur in two different
fashions, evolution and revolution.
 Evolution: is the gradual change or development of
something. An example of historical evolution would be the
development of democracy in Great Britain.
 Revolution: is a sudden or abrupt change in something, usually
political in nature.
Turning Points
 Fall of Constantinople
 In 1453 the Christian Byzantine Empire came to an end and the Muslim
Empire known as the Ottoman Empire took over.
 Voyages of Columbus-Columbian Exchange.
 Columbus brought the European races to America and started the
colonization of the Americas.
 There was an exchange of people, plants, animals and goods known as
the Columbian Exchange.
 French Revolution
 The French Revolution not only had a powerful influence on France but
also beyond France by spreading democratic ideals and nationalism
throughout Europe and the World.
 Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union
 The collapse in 1992 brought and end to the Cold War and started change
and independence for Eastern European countries
Turning Points
Other examples
Signing of the Magna Carta
The American Revolution
Independence in Latin American countries
Russian Revolution
The French Revolution
Louis 16th
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Executed on January 21 1793
Became King of France in 1774 and was the last Absolute Monarch of France
Borrowed money heavily to help American Revolutionaries
Bankers said no to lending the government money in 1786 this posed serious economic problem
for Louis 16th
 He tried to tax the third estate and this led to his downfall.
 Was executed in 1793 during the reign of Terror
Estates General
 Estates General is an assembly of representatives from all three estates
 The First estate was made up of
 Clergy men from the Roman Catholic church
 They scorned enlightenment ideas
 The Second estate
 Made up of rich nobles
 They held the highest offices in the government
 They disagreed about enlightenment ideas
 The Third estate
 Made up of the bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers
 They held no power in government
 They also liked the enlightenment ideas
National Assembly
 A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws
and reforms in the name of the French people.
 The National Assembly was mostly made up of the bourgeoisie whose views had been shaped by
the Enlightenment, were eager to make changes in the government.
 They insisted that all three estates meet together and that each delegate have a vote. This would
give the advantage to the Third Estate, which had as many delegates as the other two estates
combined.
 On June 17, 1789, they voted to establish the National Assembly, in affect proclaiming the end of
absolute monarchy and the beginning of representative government.
 Three days later, the Third Estate found themselves locked out of their meeting room. They broke
down the door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they drew up a new constitution.
This was called the Tennis Court Oath.
 King Louis tried to make peace by ordering the First and Second Estates to join the National
Assembly.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
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These were the basic layout for what man should and shouldn’t do.
The rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
It was established in 1789 by the national assembly during the French Revolution.
The declaration of independence was used as its model.
It declares that it is the job of the government to protect the natural rights of man and guarantees equality
among men.
 States that anyone is free to practice any region of their choice without prosecution.
 It promises to tax people only on how much they can afford.
Storming the Bastille
Causes…
 Loius tried to make peace with the Third Estates by yielding the National Assembly’s demands.
 Loius ordered the nobles and clergy to join the National Assembly but the king stationed his army in Paris.
 Rumors flew that the foreign troops were coming to massacre French citizens.
July 14th 1789…
 A mob tried to get gunpowder from the Bastille but the angry crowd overwhelmed the king’s soldiers and the
Bastille fell into the control of the citizens.
 Storming the Bastille was the symbol of the French Revolution. It is known as a national holiday in France.
MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE
 MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE :was one of the people that lead the Reign of Terror .
 A radical revolutionary Robespierre tried to keep the virtue of the revolution alive.
 During the Reign of Terror tens and thousands of people were executed, and thousands more were put into
prison.
 After a year the people tried of Robespierre and he was executed , ending the Reign of Terror.
Committee of Public Safety
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The leader of the Committee of Public Safety was Maximilien Robespierre.
He had to decide who should be considered enemies of the public.
They wanted to keep the true virtues of their revolution alive.
They executed thousands of people.
Used the slogan “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”
Reign of Terror (1793)
 September 5, 1793 the Reign of Terror begins.
 Robespierre slowly gained control and wanted to destroy Frances past monarchy and nobility.
 Robespierre was a brutal man who beheaded anyone who opposed him including priests, kings, and rival
leaders.
 18,000-40,000 people were killed during the reign of terror.
 1,300 people were executed in the month before this terror ended.
 The “REING OF TERROR” was finally over on July 28th, 1794 as Maximilian Robespierre was beheaded.
Détente
 Widespread popular protests wracked the United States during the Vietnam War.
 As it tried to heal its internal wounds the U.S began backing the away from its policy of direct confrontation
with the Soviet Union.
 Détente was a policy of lessoned cold war tensions.
 Detente replaced brinkmanship (willingness to go to war) during the administration of President Richard M.
Nixon.
 Nixon's move toward détente grew from a philosophy known as realpolitik.
 This comes from the German word meaning “realistic politics”.
 While the U.S continued to contain the spread of communism, the two superpowers agreed to pursue détente
and to reduce its tensions.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to hold onto their power there
Found themselves stuck there just like the U.S. in Vietnam
The Afghans were supplied with U.S. weapons and hid in their mountain strongholds
U.S. had sent arms to protect the rich oil supplies in the Middle East
The war ended the policy of Détente between the US and the Soviets
After a ten-year occupation, the Soviet Union finally withdrew
Mikhail Gorbachev
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The last leader of the Soviet Union, afterward it became Russia again.
A young conservative with new ideas for the Soviet Union.
He wanted to encourage social and economic changes in the Soviet Union.
Instituted policies to create financial stability in the USSR.
Perestroika
What Is It?
 Perestroika was a policy introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia, and it was a policy of economic
restructuring.
 In 1986 Gorbachev made changes to revive the Soviet economy.
 Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed to open
small private businesses.
 Gorbachev’s goal was not to throw out communism, but to make the system more efficient and productive.
 Gorbachev’s Perestroika was more like Lenin’s system of Communism that Stalin’s system of Communism.
Glasnost
 Gorbachev's policy of "openness"; a social and economic plan that promoted the free flow of
ideas and information with the hopes of reform and progress.
Lech Walesa
 Who He Was
 In the 1980’s in Poland, economic hardships caused labor unrest.
 Led by Lech Walesa, workers organized Solidarity, and independent trade union.
 After being imprisoned for his strikes, he was released and won both the Nobel Peace Prize and his country’s
presidency.
 National hero.
 Solidarity
 Independent trade union formed in Poland in 1980.
 With millions of members, Solidarity called for political change.
 This became the main force of opposition to Communist rule in Poland.
Star Wars Defense System
 The anti-Communist president Ronald Regan took office in 1981
 He continued the U.S.’s retreat from Détente
 In 1983 he announced a program to protect America against enemy missiles (SDI- Strategic Defense
Initiative)
 He named it Star Wars after the popular movie
 It was never put into effect but raised tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union
Latin American Independence
Toussaint L’Ouverture
 Toussaint L’Ouverture was a former slave who was self educated and became familiar
with the ideals of the Enlightenment
 In 1789, he led the people of Haiti in a rebellion against their French rulers, and freed
Haiti by 1798
 In 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to reestablish French control in Haiti
 Toussaint L’Ouverture fought a guerilla war against the French
 By 1804 Haiti gained it’s independence.
Jose de San Martin
(1778 – 1850)
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One of the main leaders of the Latin American independence movement.
He was a strategic genius who used his skills to help fight against Spanish Rule.
He is known as one of the principal liberators of South America.
He was a hero in South America but mostly in Argentina.
Simon Bolivar
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A Creole educated in Europe.
Believed in the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Further inspired by the American Revolution
Vowed to drive the Spanish out of South America.
Called the “Liberator”
One of the greatest nationalist leaders of Latin American independence.
Hierarchy Triangle
 Latin America
 Latin American colonial society was separated into classes based on the origins and race of the people.
 All the titles of the groups of people made up hierarchy Triangle which determined the place in the
community of the people.
 The Triangle
 At the top were the Penninsulares, men who were born in Spain. They were the only men who could run in
office of the government. They made up 0.1% of the population.
 Below the Penninsulares were the Creoles, Spaniards born in Latin America. They couldn’t hold high-level in
the political office. They had pretty much the same rights as the Penninsulares. They were about 22.8 % of
the population.
 Below the Creoles came the Mestizos, the people of European and Native American ancestry.
 At the bottom were the Mulattos, people of both African and European descent.
Problems of Latin American independence
 Regional differences
 Geographic barriers
 Border disputes
 Regional rivalries for power
 Cuadillos
 People were illiterate
 Ill repaired to create a representative democracy
 Leaders had power over the military and became dictators\
 Economic and social inequality
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Over throw or colonial rule
Ended mercantilism
Gap between rich and poor grew greater
Unequal social status
 Conservatism of the church
 Powerful force in Latin American society
 Oppose liberal changes that benefit the majority
Russian Revolution
Causes of the Russian Revolution
 CZARIST RULEA : In the late 1800s Alexander and his son wanted to industrialize the country and
build Russia's economic strength.
 PEASENT UNREST : the rigid system of social classes still existed in Russia at the beginning of the
war. Landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar dominating country. The peasants faced many
difficulties , most were to poor to buy the land they worked on , and the ones who did own land were to
poor to feed there families .
 PROBLEMS OF URBAN WORKERS : Some oesents had to move to the cities and found jobs in
new industries. They worked long hours, and their pay was low. Most lived in slums that had a lot of disease
and poverty.
Bloody Sunday (1905)
 January 22, 1905…
 200,000 workers and their families approach the czar’s palace during a peaceful protest.
 They had a petition asking for better working conditions, more freedom and an elected national legislature.
 The soldiers killed between 500 and 1,000 unarmed people.
 October 1905…
 Nicholas promised more freedom, although he still opposed reform.
 Bloody Sunday Provokes…
 Bloody Sunday sparks other strikes and violence across the country.
 Effect…
 The Czar is forced to make reforms and the Duma is created.
Duma (1905- 1917)
 Nicholas II
 The Russian czar before and after the loss in war against Japan
 Bloody Sunday
 Nicholas massacres a peaceful protest
 Formation of the Duma
 In attempt to calm the Russian peasants forms “the Duma”
 The duma is a committee that must approve all laws and rights in Russia before they are passed
 The Rise
 After Nicholas was shot by own army in a protest, the duma took control of Russia.
 The Fall
 When Lenin came to power he dissolved the duma with communism.
LENIN(1917-1924)
 LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIKS GAINED POWER BY PROMISING “PEACE,
LAND, AND BREAD.”
 THE PEOPLE WERE TIRED OF RUSSIS INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR ONE.
 HE WAS THE LEADER OF RUSSIA
 CHIEF GOAL WAS TO CREATE A COMMUNIST CLASSLESS SOCIETY
 ALLOWS SOME OF THE PRIVATE BUSINESS TO SUCCEED SUING HIS NEP OR
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
 LETS SOME PEASANTS HOLD LAND
 STANDARD OF LIVING RISES FOR MANY WORKERS AND PEASANTS
Bolsheviks
Definition: a small group of Russian workers who came together to overthrow the czar
The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, who later adopted the name Lenin.
Later in 1917 the Czar stepped down due to the demands of the people over the shortage of food, fuel, and the
war. Lenin and the Bolsheviks decided to take action to gain power.
 Lenin created the slogan “Peace, Land, and Bread” to gain wide respect from the people. This started The
Bolshevik Revolution.
Reasons for Success of Communism
 Communism succeeded in Russia because:
- The peasants of Russia were oppressed under the rule of the czar.
- The peasants made up the majority of the population, so when they revolted, they significantly out numbered
the Czar’s supporters.
- Once communism was established, the peasants were happy because they now had a guaranteed supply of
food, and a piece of land to live on.
- The Russians were also able to keep up with the rest of the world economically using the Five Years Plan,
even after having been so far behind.
Stalin
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Born into poverty.
Not well educated.
Was seen a a crude man. Was also cold, hard and cruel
Would use brutality and murder to enforce his reign as dictator.
Stalin will become one of the most brutal leaders in history.
In 1928 Stalin obtained control of the government.
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
Stalin was the dictator and controlled the one party system of government.
Stalin created his totalitarian state by getting rid of his enemies.
Great Purges
 In 1934 Stalin turned against the members of the communist party
 He launched a campaign of terror directed towards eliminating the Bolsheviks
 Thousands of Bolsheviks were forced to stand trial and were executed for crimes against the
Soviet state
 The police could arrest on the most minor acts
 Even the police were arrested if they did not meet their quotas for arrested criminals
Stalin's Forced Famine
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Many peasants resisted having to farm for the government.
Kulaks or wealthy farmers burned their crops and killed off their livestock to resist Stalin’s
collectivization.
Some peasants continued to resist and only grew enough crops for themselves.
Stalin seized all these crops.
Entire communities starved.
Areas like the Ukraine who were opposed to collectivization had five million people die of
starvation.
Five Year Plan
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Stalin outlined the first five year plan.
There was several five year plans.
The plan was to catch up to the rest of the world or industrialize.
The plan set high quotas to increase the output of major goods.
Stalin decided to break up the progress of the country using 5-Year Plans.
The plans would
 Strengthen the country
 Make the country self-sufficient
 Lead to a true workers society.
 5 Year Plans were a success.
Collectivization
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Work farmers needed to produce enough food for industrial workers.
When Stalin felt farmers weren’t making enough food he took over the farms.
Stalin then created collective farming.
These involved small farms joining forces to form large-scale units. (Like enclosures)
Farmers could then afford the latest machinery and share farming.
Stalin believed this would lead to increased production.
Collectives were a failure.
Command Economy
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An economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions.
Under this system political leaders identify the countries economic needs and determine how to fulfill them.
The Soviets used this economy.
Stalin ushered in revolutions in industry and agriculture.
Belief Systems
 Belief systems are the established, orderly ways in
which groups or individuals look at religious faith or
philosophical tenets.
 Humans have always expressed a need to understand
natural phenomenon and to answer questions regarding
their way of life and what happens once they die.
 These needs resulted in the development of a variety of
religions and philosophies that can be found
throughout the world today.
Belief Systems
 Hinduism
 A religion over 3,000 years old
 Has had an large effect on India, Southeast Asia, and the world
 Buddhism
 Founded in 500BC in India. Spread throughout Asia.
 Judaism
 First great monotheistic religion.
 Has had a major effect on other world religions
 Christianity
 Influenced by Judaism
 Monotheistic
 Based on the teachings of Christ
 Islam
 Influenced by Judaism
 Monotheistic
 Spread all over the world especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Belief Systems
Other Examples
Confucianism
Taoism
Shinto
Sikhism
Belief Systems
Animism
 An ancient religion that centralizes it’s beliefs around the belief that human-like spirits are present in animals,
plants, and all other natural objects.
 The spirits are believed to be the souls of dead ancestors.
 Spirits possess living and non-living things
 Often combined with other religions to extend beliefs.
POLYTHEISTIC
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BELIEF IN OR WORSHIP OF MULTIPLE GODS
THE WORD COMES FROM A ANCIENT GREEK WORD
MOST ANCIENT RELIGIONS WERE POLYTHEISTIC
OFTEN PRACTICED RITULAS AND SCARFICES TO THE MANY GODS
Monotheistic
Definition: a belief in a single god
Greek words “mono” meaning “one” and “theism” meaning “god-worship”
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The Hebrews (Jews) were the first religions to become monotheistic. They believed in one god for
protection who they called Yahweh. Yahweh had power over everyone, not just the Jews and Hebrews.
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God was not a physical being, and no physical images were to be made of him.
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According to the Torah the treason Yahweh looked after the Hebrews was because Abraham promised to
obey him, not because of ceremonies or sacrifices as seen in polytheism.
HINDUISM
 Started with Nomads in the Indus Valley in 1500 B.C.
 Brahmah – one unifying spirit
 Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva the Destroyer
 Goal of life is to unite with Brahman (through reincarnation)
 Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul in a new body, get closer to Brahman with every rebirth
 Karma – deeds of ones life that effect his or her next life
 Dharma – moral and religious duties that are expected from an individual
 Caste system – social class system
 Vedas – one of the books of Hinduism, filled with sacred teachings
Karma (750 B.C.)
 Hindus share a common world-view.
 They see religion as a way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday
existence.
 Sometime between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., Hindu teachers tried to interpret and explain the hidden meaning
of the Vedic hymns.
 As they meditated on the Vedas, they asked:
 What is the nature of reality?
 What is morality?
 Is there eternal life?
 What is the soul?
 A belief in reincarnation, or rebirth of the soul in another body after death, forms the basis of Hinduism and
underlies the entire cast system.
 A person’s cast is their reward or punishment for karma, deeds committed in a previous
life.
 Karma influences specific life circumstances, such as the cast one is born into, one’s
state of health, wealth or poverty, and so on.
Reincarnation
 Reincarnation is a central teaching of the Hindu Religion.
 When one is born they are given life by Brahma, as they pass through life they are preserved by Vishnu, until
Shiva claims you in death.
 Than the cycle is repeated over and over again until one finally achieves Moksha.
 Rivers are used to symbolize reincarnation because they have a constant flow, yet follow the same course.
Buddhism
 Originated in India, by Siddhartha Guatama
 Four Noble truths
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All life is suffering
Suffering is caused by desire for things that re illusions
The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire
Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire
 Sacred text Tripitaka- Three baskets of wisdom
 Ultimate goal: Nirvana- union with the universe and release from the cycle of death and rebirth
Four Noble Truths
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The Four Noble Truths were a part of Siddhartha Gautama’s Buddhism.
These truths were what was understood by Siddhartha in his enlightenment.
They were ideas that were supposed to be followed to seek enlightenment, or wisdom.
The First Noble Truth- Everything in life is suffering and sorrow.
The Second Noble Truth- The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of
this world.
The Third Noble Truth- The way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
The Fourth Noble Truth- The way to overcome such desires and to attain enlightenment is to follow the
Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.
Nirvana- 250 B.C.
 Belief of the Buddhist religion.
 Defined as union with the universe. It is also a release from the cycle of death and rebirth.
 It is also a release from selfishness and pain.
 Buddha stressed that each individual person could reach a peace state called nirvana.
 You have to follow the Eightfold Path in order to reach nirvana.
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To achieve Nirvana, you would have to reject the sensory world and embracing spiritual discipline.
Confucianism
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Confucianism started in China during the Zhou Dynasty
Confucianism was the guide to the nature of government and the structure to society
Men were thought to be superior to women
Confucius wrote The Analects
Confucius believed in order to establish social order, harmony and a good government he needed
to use the
 Five key relationships 1. friend to friend, 2.father to son, 3. ruler to subject, 4. husband to wife,
5. older brother to younger brother
 Confucius stressed that children should practice filial piety or respect for their elders
 There was also an influence on the Japanese
Taoism (or Daoism) bout 500 B.C.
Founder= Laozi
Live in harmony with nature
Contemplate Tao, or the ‘way’
Yielding and acceptance are important virtues
Followers rejected the world and human government, they often became hermits, mystics or poets.
Balance of yin and yang
Yin= earth, darkness, female forces
Yang= heaven, light, and male forces
Collected works: The Way of Virtue and zhuang-zi
Islam(1600s – 2005)
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Islam is a religion that came about in the early 1600s.
The first follower was a merchant named Muhammad Ali.
He claimed that one night the voice of Allah (God) spoke to him, and thus he began the religion.
To be a Muslim (a submitted one) or a follower of Islam, followers must obey the five pillars or five duties
to Allah.
The first of the five pillars is faith – the follower must proclaimed that Allah is the one true God and
Muhammad is the messenger of God.
The second of the five pillars is prayer – five times a day the Muslims must face toward Mecca (the holy
city) and pray.
The third of the five pillars is alms – Muslims all have a responsibility to support the poor, which they do by
giving religious tax, in money.
The fourth pillar of Islam is fasting – During the Muslim’s holy month called Ramadan the Muslims will eat
nothing from dawn to sunset, and then only a simple meal to remind themselves that they should have
greater priorities than bread.
The fifth pillar of Islam is pilgrimage – All Muslims who can afford it are supposed to make a pilgrimage to
Mecca.
If a Muslim follows the five pillars of Mecca then they go to Heaven, if they don’t then they go to Hell.
Allah
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IS THE MUSLIM GOD
HE IS THE ONE GOD OF ISLAM
WORSHIPED MOSTLY THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
Muhammad
* Muhammad was born into a clan of a powerful Mecca Family
* Muhammad took great interest in religion. When he was alone he mostly prayed and meditated.
* When he was 40 a voice called to him while he was meditating. The voice was believed to say that Muhammad
was a messenger of god.
* In 622 Muhammad left Mecca. He went 200 miles north of Mecca too a town called Yathrib. This journey by
Muhammad was known as the Hijrah.
* Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 with his 10,000 followers.
* Mecca surrendered and Muhammad became leader. Most people in Mecca converted to Islam to pledge their
loyalty to Muhammad.
* Muhammad dies two years later at the age of 62.
Five Pillars
 This applies to the Islamic religion.
 Faith
 To become muslin, you need to testify to the statement of faith: “there is no god but allah, Muhammad is the
messenger of allah.
 Prayer
 Muslims must face Mecca and pray five times a day.
 Alms
 Muslims have been taught to support the less fortunate.
 Fasting
 During the Muslim month of Ramadan, Muslims fast. Fasting is eating and drinking nothing from sun up to
sun down.
 Pilgrimage
 Muslims must go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.
Christianity
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Jesus Christ was the founder of Christianity.
He was born around 6 to 4 B.C.
He began his ministry at age 30.
Jesus’ teachings included many Jewish beliefs, such as monotheism and the Ten
Commandments. He stressed God’s personal relationship with each person.
 Jesus’ followers were called ‘disciples’ and later ‘apostles’.
 Jesus was crucified around A.D. 29 for ‘challenging the authority of the Roman government’.
Jesus’ disciples believed that his crucifixion was a triumph over death and that he was the
Messiah. The Jewish priests of the time did not believe he was the Messiah and call his ministry
blasphemy.
 Jesus’ disciples continued to spread Jesus’ teachings and Christianity later became a
prominent religion throughout the world.
Bible
 Christians used the book as a way to follow their god.
 The book consisted of the old and new testament.
 The bible contains stories and messages about their god.
 The old testament is their god’s life as it was on earth and how it came to be.
Judaism
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Monotheistic – belief in one God who is present everywhere, all-knowing, all-powerful
Holy book – Torah
Writings are a sacred recording of the laws and events in Jewish history
Also writings of the prophets (spiritual leaders)
Believe that God made a covenant (agreement) with Abraham and the Hebrews to protect them
Ten Commandments from God given to Moses – laws that describe how people should behave towards God
and each other
 Believe that God chose the Hebrews as His people
 Prophets were people who God talked to, they taught about moral standards and justice
 Judaism later had a strong influence on Christianity and Islam
Diaspora
A Diaspora is a dispersion of a people from their original homeland. In global history we studied the
Diaspora of the Jews from their homeland in Canaan (Israel) in 77 C.E. According to
tradition, the Jews were given Israel by “God” in about 2000 B.C.E. In about 77 C.E., the
Romans attacked Jerusalem and destroyed the temple. With Jerusalem now being
controlled by the Romans, Jews dispersed throughout Eurasia in search of a place where
they could practice freely. In 1948 A Jewish state of Israel was crated although many Jews
still live in other parts of the World.
Shinto
What is Shinto?
 It was a Japanese religion in which each clan in Japan worshipped their own Nature
Gods and Goddesses.
 It was varied because of different customs and beliefs
 Shinto meant “way of the Gods”
 It had no rituals or philosophy, but instead based on respect for the forces of nature.
 Worshipers believed in kami or divine spirits in nature.
 An abnormal tree, rock, waterfall, mountain could be home to kami
Geography and the Environment
The relationship among people, places, and the
environments. Environment means the
surroundings, including natural elements and
elements created by humans.
 The impact of human interaction with the
environment has had mixed results. While
human life has been improved and made more
comfortable, the environment has been
damaged in a variety of ways.
Geography and the Environment
 Early River Civilizations
Civilizations grew on rivers. Water needed for crops, drinking,
and transportation.
 Chinese Influence on Japan
Korea, and China had a strong influence on Japan.
 Industrialization of Japan
Britain had natural resources along with rivers, natural harbors,
which allowed industrialization to happen.
 Industrial Impact on the Environment
New types of pollution, larger cities and suburbs
Geography and the Environment
Other examples
City states in Greece
Oil in the Middle East
Desertification
Destruction of the Rain forest
Acid Rain
Fertile Crescent
 The Fertile Crescent is an area of land that lies between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in
Southwest Asia.
 The Fertile Crescent is also known as Mesopotamia.
 The people of which were the first to settle in this area around 4500 B.C, were the Sumerians.
 The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, which lie within the crescent, flow southeastward to the Persian Gulf.
Once a year, they flood the Crescent, and it leaves a thick layer of silt, a thick mud, which keeps the land so
moist and fertile. In this thick layer of soil, the farmers can plant and harvest enormous quantities of wheat
barley, allowing their villages to grow.
 The good soil was what attracted people to Mesopotamia, but this type of environment had three
disadvantages to it
 The flooding of the rivers was unpredictable, they could come as early as April, and as late as June. The
floods would recede, the hot sun would dry them up, no rain would fall, and the land would become dry
and desert-like.
 The region was small, about the size of Massachusetts, and villages were in small clusters and were
almost defenseless.
 Natural resources were extremely limited, they didn’t have much to use for tools and buildings.
Zhou Dynasty
Around 1027 B.C., the Zhou overthrew the Shang and brought new ideas such as the Mandate of Heaven into
Chinese culture.
Controlled vast amounts of land, so the government established the system known as Feudalism, in which
nobles are given use of the lands that the king legally owns, in exchange for the nobles’ loyalty and military service
to the king.
The Chinese people gradually accepted the Zhou ways.
The Zhou improved trade by introducing coined money to China, and also made advancements such as using
iron in weapons and agricultural tools.
The Zhou dynasty rule ended in 256 B.C.
Sumerian Civilization (4000b.c- 500a.d)
 Sumerians lived 5000 years ago in Sumer, Mesopotamia.
 The Sumerians lived by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
 Government
 Each Sumerian state had a hereditary ruler who was seen as chief servant to the gods.
 Religion
 Each Sumerian state was believed in many powerful gods or the were polytheistic.
 Most of the gods were compared to the forces of nature.
 The largest buildings were temples called ziggurat's.
 Economy
 Their economy was based on trading.
 Contributions
 The Sumerians developed a form of writing called cuneiform.
 They also developed algebra and geometry.
 Sumerians built the worlds first wheeled vehicle and had irrigation systems, dikes, and canals.
Polis
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A Greek city-state– the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 B.C.
After the sea of peoples invaded mainland Greece around 1200 B.C., the Dorians moved in the area.
Greek civilization experienced a decline during this time. By 750 B.C. the Greeks saw the rise of powerful
city-states.
Made up of a city and its surrounding countryside, which included numerous villages.
Most city-states controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory.
In some city-states there were monarchies, however in time most adopted aristocracy. These very rich
ruling families often gained political power after working in a king’s military cavalry.
As trade expanded, a new class of wealthy merchants and artisans emerged in some cities. When these
groups became dissatisfied with aristocratic rule, they either took power or shared it with the nobility.
They formed an oligarchy.
Athens and Sparta are famous city states.
OPEC Oil Crisis
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OPEC means the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
This was a trade group that attempts to set world oil prices by controlling oil production.
In 1973, OPEC nations halted exports of oil to certain countries.
Egypt and Israel were at war. Arab countries the embargo against the U.S. and other countries that supported
Israel. This made prices skyrocket.
 In the 1980’s and 1990’s, a surplus of oil allowed prices to fall.
 In 1998, OPEC nations cut oil production and oil prices rose all over the world.
The Green Revolution (1960’s)
 Increasing the Food Supply:
 Due to the overpopulation problem in the world scientist needed to find a way to increase food
production.
 New fertilizers, pesticides, grains and livestock were developed.
 In the 1960’s this new technology was introduced to poor, developing countries such as India and
Indonesia.
 The new technology was a success and was called the Green Revolution.
 Problems with the Green Revolution:
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While the Green Revolution increased food it did not end poverty or world hunger.
Technology had limitations.
Populations grew faster then food production.
Poor farmers could not afford the new technology.
Acid Rain
 Acid rain is formed from too much acidic compounds that build up and released as rain.
 This will then fall, and then begin to eat away at buildings, plants, and other organisms.
 Acid rain is started by factories spewing out loads of chemical bi-products into the air.
Global Warming
 Greenhouse Effect
 Scientist are concerned with the rising temperatures of the Earth.
 Causes of the Greenhouse Effect
 The burning of fossil fuels like coal by major industrial nations.
 The burning of rain forest and other forest.
 The depletion of the ozone layer
 Outcome
 Scientist fear that the rising temperatures could effect
 Agriculture
 Cause the melting of the ice caps and coastal flooding
 In 1997 the U.N. set limits on pollutions that can be put into the air to stop this warming.
Desertification
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Desertification is the changeover from arable, land that can not be farmed on, into desert.
Desertification is caused mostly by human activity.
o Overgrazing by livestock such as sheep and cattle eliminates the grasses that hold the soil together to
prevent erosion.
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o Cutting down forests robs the land of another barrier to soil erosion.
As grass and trees are eliminate, the soil loses it’s nutrients.
The expansion of deserts is one cause of famine.
Political Systems
Political systems such as monarchies, and
democracy, and addresses basic questions of
government such as
What does the government have the right to do?
What should the government not have the right to do?
Political Systems
 Throughout history, many kinds of political systems developed in different areas
of the world depending on the needs of the people, and the economic
resources available.
 In Europe, as well as in parts of China, India, Africa, and South America, a
system known as monarchy developed. Beginning in ancient Greece, the
practice of democracy has continued into the 21st century. In both Europe
and Japan, feudalism had developed by the 1100s.
 By the 1500s, absolutism, and divine right monarchy, had emerged, especially
in Europe. The Enlightenment, a rejection of absolutism, forced political
changes in Europe, North America and Western Asia. The 1850s saw the
rapid spread of an anti-capitalist economic & political system called
communism.
Political Systems
Monarchy
King or queen holds the power
Government is centralized
Common since ancient times
None in existence today
Feudalism
Medieval Europe and Japan
Decentralized political systems
Declined with the growth of nation states
Political Systems
 Democracy
People hold the ruling power
Either direct power or by elected representatives
Roots in ancient Greece
Primary system in most western countries today.
 Totalitarianism
One party dictatorship
Regulates every aspect of peoples lives
Stalin and Hitler
Political Systems
Other examples
Absolutism
Communism
Fascism
Apartheid
Direct Democracy
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Direct democracy is a select group of people who have all the say in the government.
The people get the chance o vote for who they want those select individuals to be.
If the people chose the wrong people for the job then they would not be able to change it.
The only way to overthrow them would be to kill them.
Divine Right
 The power for the monarch to rule comes from God and that the king is an agent of God.
 Absolute monarchs used this power to justify their rule.
 Divine Right allowed the monarch to control all aspects of the government because the people
believed that monarch was God’s agent on earth.
The Rise of Dictators
Totalitarian State
 Exercises total control over the people
 Dominates government
 State controls
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Business
Family life
Labor
Youth groups
Religion
Education
The arts
Housing
 Demands total obedience to authority and personal sacrifice to the state
 Use force, such as police terror, to crush all opponents
 Totalitarian leaders
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centralize the government
control every aspect of public and private life
appear to provide a sense of direction
limit values such as freedom, dignity and individual worth.
Stalin
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Born into poverty.
Not well educated.
Was seen a a crude man. Was also cold, hard and cruel
Would use brutality and murder to enforce his reign as dictator.
Stalin will become one of the most brutal leaders in history.
In 1928 Stalin obtained control of the government.
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
Stalin was the dictator and controlled the one party system of government.
Stalin created his totalitarian state by getting rid of his enemies.
Hitler
Hitler’s rule
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He was a dictator, created the Third Reich in Germany
Gained control with a slim majority.
Used propaganda and brute force to glorify himself and War.
He moved his armies into countries like Austria and
Czechoslovakia
 Eventually his aggressive behavior started the bloody WWII.
 It becomes a fight between the Allied and the Axis powers
 Millions died in the war
Holocaust
 He had hatred for Jews, Anti-Semitism, and started persecuting
them.
 Laws prevented Jewish rights, and on Kristallnacht many were
persecuted
 The Final solution began to exterminate Jews by the millions in
concentration camps.
 About 6 million were murdered
Weimar Republic
 Germany’s Democratic government set up in 1919. (named after the birth place of National
Assembly)
 At the time, the Weimar Republic was weak because of Germany’s lack of democratic tradition.
 The economy was very weak.
 The people blamed the democratic government for both the depressions in Germany and for
signing the Treaty of Versailles.
 The Weimar Republic became and easy target for the Nazi Party to rise up against.
Fascism
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Fascism emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to the leader.
Fascists promised many things and gained favor of the peasants.
Fascism is based mostly on nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country.
Also believed in a strong military
Fascists used propaganda and wore certain colored uniforms to display their authority.
Fascism like communism, the country was ruled by a dictator who used fear and terror.
Stared in Italy in the later 1920’s.
Fascists believed that each class had a certain place and function unlike communism.
Mussolini
 He was a newspaper editor and politician who promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and
rebuilding it’s armed forces.
 He vowed to give Italy strong leadership.
 He founded the Fascist party in 1919.
 He failed to gain widespread popularity at first, but as the economy worsened his popularity rapidly increased.
 Mussolini publicly criticized Italy’s government and a group of Fascists attacked communist and socialists.
 Because Mussolini played on the fear of a workers revolt he began to win support of the middle class, the
aristocracy, and the industrial leaders.
 Thus after widespread violence and a threat of armed revolt Mussolini “legally” took power.
 When in power he abolished democracy and all the other political parties besides Fascism.
 He put censors on the press, so they could only report Fascist doctrines.
 His country became the model for other fascist governments.
Apartheid in South Africa
 A policy created by whites in South Africa making people segregated. Blacks and other non-whites had to live
in certain zones of the city and were not allowed in the white areas.
 Blacks and non-whites had to use separate:
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Trains
Beaches
Restaurants
Restrooms
Etc.
 The whites who made up only 10 percent of the South African population wanted to maintain control of the
government and economy
 Non-whites weren’t allowed to vote or hold office
Nationalism
The feeling of pride in ones country or the
desire of a people to control their own
government.
Nationalism can be a unifying force for a
countries or a force that divides countries.
Nationalism
 German and Italian Unification
Small states join into one large state
 India
India wanted independence and wanted to return to traditional
Hindu and Muslim traditions.
 Zionism
Jews wanted their own homeland in Palestine.
In 1948 Jews obtain parts of Palestine and rename it Israel
 African Independence Movement
Pan-Africanism after WWII lead to independence for most
African nations
Nationalism
Turkey
Balkans
Ottoman Empire
Nationalism
Nationalism
Definition
 The belief that people should be loyal to and have pride in their nation
 Nationalism can be like a bomb blowing nations apart or a magnet pulling them together
Common Bonds of Nationalism
 Common language, culture, history, land
Congress of Vienna
 After Napoleon leaders were looking to have long lasting peace and stability in Europe
 Congress of Vienna called to set up new policies in Europe
 Most of the Decisions made at Vienna were made by King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander
I of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, Britain and France
 The Containment of France
 Congress made the weak countries surrounding France stronger
 This allowed the countries to contain France and prevent it from overpowering weaker nations
 Balance of Power
 The Congress did not want to weaken France to much
 The French were required to give up all land that Napoleon had taken, but besides that remained in tact
 France still remained a strong country
 Legitimacy
 This policy restored as many rulers as possible that Napoleon had taken from their thrown be put back into
power
 Long-Term Legacy
 The Congress left a legacy that would influence politics for the next 100 years
Balance of Power
 Definition
 distribution of political and economic power that provides any one nation from becoming too strong
 The Congress of Vienna
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1815- leaders of Austria, Russia, England, and France met
wanted to devise a peace settlement and restore stability and order to Europe
A balance of power is what the leaders at the Congress of Vienna wanted after Napoleon’s defeat to avoid
another instance of what happened with France (too powerful).
Russification
 Promoted Russian history, language, and culture, sometimes forbidding the cultural practices of native
peoples
 Appointment of Russians to key posts in the government and secret police.
 Redrawing the boundaries of many republics to ensure that non-Russians would not gain the majority.
 Russification was making sure that the Russians stayed in control of Russia.
Giuseppe Mazzini
 Fought for freedom and unification of all Italian speaking people by forming
“Young Italy.”
 Called the “soul” of Italy for his fiery speeches and writings.
 Led revolts and fought for democracy and social justice.
 One of the three leaders of Italian Nationalism.
Count Camillo Cauvor
Who was Cauvor?
 He was a middle-aged, wealthy aristocrat.
 Was named prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia in
1852 by the king Victor Emmanuel II
 He worked to expand Sardinia’s power, was mistrusted
that he just wanted more power in stead of trying to
unite Italy.
What he did
 He strived to gain control of northern Italy, through
diplomacy and cunning.
 Austrians were a roadblock to unification, so he made
allies with the French who helped him drive out the
Austrians from northern Italy
 This provoked a war with Austria, but the Sardinian
army won quickly.
 Gained all of northern Italy except for Venetia.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Garibaldi’s greatest dream was Italian unity
Garibaldi led a small army of Italian nationalists in May 1860
He and his followers always wore bright red shirts, so they were call the Red Shirts
The southern areas he conquered, he then united
Lived from 1807-1882
Otto von Bismarck
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Unified Germany in 1871
Master of Realpolitik-”Politics of Reality”-tough power politics with no idealism
Believed only Blood and Iron (War) would unite Germany
Formed an alliance with Austria to gain some land, then turned on them in the 7 Weeks War
Manipulated a diplomatic document to provoke France into war, then beat them (Franco-Prussian War),
taking land away from France and making France bitter towards Germany
 Both cunning and deeply religious
Blood and Iron
 A concept created by Otto von Bismarck, which stated that Germany would be unified not through
speeches and majority decisions, but through war.
 This theory was put into use during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
 Using nationalism and hatred against France, Prussia gained land.
 In 1871, through Blood and Iron, the German states became united under the Prussian King William I.
Franco-Prussian War
 Bismarck needed the support of a few southern German states, and believed that he could gain it through a
war with France
 He published an altered version of a diplomatic telegram that he had received , and gave a false description of
a meeting between Wilhelm I and the French Ambassador.
 In the description Wilhelm seemed to insult France, and reacting to the insult the French declared war on
Prussia on July 19, 1870.
 The Prussian army poured into northern France. In September 1870 the Prussian army surrounded the main
French force at Sedan.
 Only Paris held out against the Germans. For four months Paris withstood German siege. Finally, hunger
forced them to surrender.
 With the defeat of France nationalistic fever finally seized the people in southern Germany, and they accepted
Prussian leadership.
 On January 18, 1871 at the captured French palace of Versailles, King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser or
emperor of Prussia.
 Led to hard feelings between France and Germany for many years, and indirectly led to WWII
Global Nationalism: Kaiser
Kaiser
German word meaning “emperor” used for German kings of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
On January 18,1871, at the captured French palace of Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned Kaiser,
or emperor.
Germans called their empire the Second Reich.
Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe “by blood and iron,” as he had set out to
do
Zionism
 Defined
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Movement in the 1800’s dedicated to building a Jewish state in Palestine.
Jews faced a long history of exile and persecution, known as Anti-Semitism.
Jews had a strong want for their own homeland.
The land in which they would pursue was called Palestine.
In the 1890’s, a movement known as Zionism developed to follow this goal.
 Leader
 The leader of the Zionist movement was Theodor Herzl, a writer in Vienna.
 In 1897, he organized the first world Congress of Zionists.
 Herzl’s dream of an independent Israel was realized a little more than 50 years later.
Young Turks
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The movement established by the Turks in the late 1800’s to reform the Ottoman Empire
Young Turks wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end threat of Western Imperialism.
Wanted to return to a traditional Muslim government and leadership
The Sultan was overthrown and the government was taken over by the Turks in 1908.
They supported Turkish nationalism.
Pan-Slavism
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Russia had encouraged this form of nationalism in Eastern Europe
The movement tried to draw together all Slavic peoples
Russia was the largest Slavic nation
It was ready to defend a young Slavic nation in the Balkans, Serbia
Small Slavic populations throughout the Balkans looked to Russia for leadership in their desire for unity
Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national movements
Break up of Austria-Hungary
 Due to the war Austria-Hungary’s government fell apart.
 New nations formed as a result.
 Including: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire
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With the end of the war the Ottoman Empire fell apart.
Many of the lands in the Middle East were taken over by the British and the French
Areas such as the Balkans became independent states
Turkey became it’s own independent state
Cultural and Intellectual Life
Patterns of human behavior including ideas,
beliefs, values, artifacts, and ways of making a
living.
Thinking studying and reflecting on life.
Cultural and Intellectual Life
 Roman Civilization
 Left a great legacy of art, law and justice, Latin language, and literature.
 Gupta Golden Age
 Left a great legacy of math, art, medicine, and architecture.
 Islamic Golden Age
 Left a great legacy math and science passed on to Europe.
 African Civilizations
 Left a great legacy of scholarship and art
 Renaissance Europe
 Beginning of a rebirth of cultural and intellectual activity. Used
Humanism and the belief of individual worth.
Hellenistic
 Hellenistic is a Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
 Koine is the most popular spoken language.
 This Greek culture was spread by Alexander the Great as he conqueror places like Egypt, and Persia
Alexander the Great
Roman Empire
 The Roman Empire was founded in 753 B.C.
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This republic slowly became one of the worlds most powerful empire.
Around 50 B.C. Julius Caesar took control of Rome.
Caesar soon became the absolute ruler of the Roman Empire.
Caesars biggest goal for Rome was to make it the biggest empire ever, so he would constantly invade
countries to enlarge his territory.
 Caesar was assassinated and his grandnephew takes over his name Caesar Augustus and brought the republic
to and end thus starting the age of the roman empire this two-hundred year peace was called the Pax
Romania.
Mansa Musa
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He was an African American ruler
He may have been the grandnephew of Mali’s first leader, Sandiata
Musa was a skilled military leader and exorcised royal control
He was a devout Muslim, he went on a hajj to Mecca from 1324 to 1325
Controlled and ruled a vast empire in Africa
Pax Romana 27 B.C to 180 A.D.
The Pax Romana
 The period of peace and prosperity in Rome. Also known as “Roman Peace.”
 The population increased during this period.
 Cultural and intellectual achievements of Rome increased.
Achievements
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The laws of twelve tables-set of laws such as a person is considered innocent until proven guilty.
Aqueducts- bridge like structures used to carry water to long distances.
The use of arch’s and dome’s for the Pantheon.
Greek and roman culture spread throughout culture.
The Gupta Dynasty (300-700)
 Known as India’s Golden Age
 After being invaded and defeated India needed a new leader
 The Gupta family came to rule, and managed to defeat the foreigners
 The Gupta's reign would last 300 years from 329 to 650 A.D
 ChandraGupta I
 The first Gupta who turned around India and fought off foreigners and expanded India.
 The Golden Age
 The golden age of India During the Gupta’s was architecture and Buddhist art.
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Islam’s Golden Age
 Islam Civilization  Islam began in the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th century.
 It spread from the Middle East to Africa , Spain and Sicily. Then to India and SE Asia.
 Islam’s Success  The strength of the Arab armies brought Islam it’s power.
 Arab armies conquered much territory.
 Abbassid Dynasty  (750 - 1258) The ruling family of the Islamic Empire
 Responsible for many achievements.
 The Islamic culture became a mixture of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions.
 The Golden Age became an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements. (art, literature, religion
etc.)
Suleiman’s Golden Age
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First Came to the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1520 and ruled for 46 years
Known by his own people as Suleiman the Lawgiver and in the west as Suleiman the Magnificent
The Ottoman conquered all of the eastern Mediterranean under Suleiman’s rule.
Suleiman became the most powerful monarch on earth
He required a good form of government for his large empire and so he simplified the system of taxation and
reduced the government bureaucracy in order to keep the peace and his people happy.
 In 1571 this golden age of Suleiman ended when his sons fleet was destroyed by Spain and Italy
Suleiman’s Mosque
Renaissance
1300-1600
 A period of great change throughout Europe that involved advances in everything from art to
technology.
 The concept of humanism was developed during the early stages of the renaissance, this way
of thinking focused on the present and individual achievements.
 The artistic mentality of the renaissance was much like the art and sculpture of the golden ages
of Rome and Greece. Architecture also returned to Greco-roman fashions.
 Artisans were supported by rich nobles, princes and popes.
 Some of the most famous artisans include Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and Albrecht
Durer.
 Writing also changed during the renaissance, common language began to be used. Machiavelli,
Shakespeare, and Dante were three of the most famous for their literary works.
 The invention of the printing press made books more available to common people, literacy
increased.
 The protestant reformation led by Martin Luther and John Calvin sought to make changes in the
church, the result was two churches, Catholic and protestant.
Imperialism
 The domination of one country or a stronger nation
over a weaker nation.
 The dominate country usually controls the political,
social and economic life of the weaker country.
 Imperialism has both positive and negative effects.
 Causes for Imperialism were the
Industrial Revolution-need for natural resources and new
markets
Nationalism-”Social Darwinism” that a stronger had the right to
take over weaker nation
Imperialism
British in India
European Powers in Africa
Japan-Meiji Restoration
Imperial Rivalry-Cause of WWI
Imperialism
Imperialism (1800)
 Economic, political, and social forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe.
 The take over of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the
political, economic, and social life of the people of the nation is called Imperialism.
 The Industrial Revolution provided European countries with a need to add lands to their control for both
natural resources and new markets.
 As Europeans nations industrialized. They searched for new markets and raw materials to improve their
economics.
 The race for colonies grew out of a strong sense of a national pride as well as from economic competition.
Social Darwinism(1800’s)
 Social Darwinism was based on the theories of Charles Darwin.
 His ideas of plants and animals were applied to economics and politics.
 The leader of this thinking was Herbert Spencer
 Social Darwinism applied to Darwin’s theories and renamed “the survival of the fittest.”
 Businessmen believed the best companies would make money, the inefficient ones would lose money
and go bankrupt.
 People who were fit for survival would be wealthy while the poor would remain poor because they were
unfit.
 They also believed that there were “lesser peoples” and “superior races”.
 Imperialists felt they had the right to take over weaker countries.
 Social Darwinists believed it was natural for stronger countries to dominate weaker ones
Old Imperialism
 The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political,
economic, and social life of the people of that nation.
 Between about 1500 and 1800, European nations established colonies in the Americas, India, and
Southeast Asia, and gained territory on the coasts of Africa and China. Still, European power in these
regions of the world was limited.
 Under old imperialism, the colonies were more of a liability than an asset.
 Types of imperialism: Colony – a country or a region governed intentionally by a foreign power.
Protectorate – a country or territory with its own internal government but under
the control of an outside power.
Sphere of Influence – an area in which an outside power claims exclusive
investment or trading privileges.
Economic Imperialism – independent but less developed nations controlled by
private business interests rather than by other governments.
New Imperialism (1870-1914)
 Imperialism is the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another
country.
 Between 1870 and 1914, nationalism had produced strong, centrally governed nation-states
 The industrial revolution had made economics stronger as well
 During this time, Japan, the United States, and the industrialized nations of Europe became more
aggressive in expanding onto other lands
 The new imperialism was focused mainly on Asia and Africa, where declining empires and local
wars left many states vulnerable
 In Africa, many states had been weakened by the legacy of the slave trade
Causes of Imperialism(1870-1914)
 Nationalism and social Darwinism
 Nationalism promotes the idea of national superiority, imperialists felt that they had the right to take control
of countries they viewed as weaker.
 Social Darwinism applied to Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest to competition between nations.
 The theory lead people to believe that it was natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones
 Military Motives
 Colonies were important as bases for re-supply of ships
 A nation with many colonies had power and security
 Economic motives
 Raw materials are needed for factories
 New markets were also needed
 White Man’s Burden
 This poem offered a justification for imperialism
 White imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nation they considered less developed.
White Man’s Burden (1899)
 The title of a poem by Rudyard Kipling.
 Offered justification for imperialism.
 Expressed the idea that white imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nations considered “less
developed.”
 Missionaries spread western ideas, customs, and religious beliefs to Africa and Asia.
 White Englishmen had on obligation to support and run less fortunate countries.
Imperialism In India
British East India Company
 The East India Company started to take over India in 1757.
 It was the leading power in India after the British victory in the Battle of Plassey.
 The power expanded over time to Modern Bangladesh, most of southern India, and areas along the Ganges
River.
 The company ruled with little interference from the British government and had their own army
with Indian soldiers called sepoys.
 India known as the “Jewel in the Crown” because it was the most important British colony and had many
natural resources.
 The company would not allow Indian economy to operate on its own.
‘JEWEL IN THE CROWN’
 INDIA!
 India was considered Britain's most valuable colony
 Major supplier of raw materials
 Large market for British-made goods
 British East India Company ruled India until the Sepoy Rebellion, then the British
Government took over.
 Sphere of Influence – Britain had exclusive trade rights with India
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Sepoy Mutiny (1857)
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Indian soldiers, Hindus and Muslims fighting for the British.
Heard rumors of casing bullets in pig and beef fat which neither Hindus or Muslims could eat
Soldiers were jailed disobeying soldiers
Rebelled and captured the city of Delhi.
Took a year for British to regain control
British East India company lost control as a result of the mutiny
The British Government took control of India, made it a colony and the government was called
the Raj.
Imperialism in Africa
Berlin Conference
 European Powers met together to divide up Africa. The African nations themselves had no say in their own
land.
 European powers divided up Africa with no regard to the tribes that lived in Africa
 One could obtain a colony thorough:
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occupation
Notification of other European states of occupation and claim
Showing that they could control the area.
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Only Liberia and Ethiopia were free of European control.
Boer War
 Dutch farmers in South Africa, the Boers, fought against the British starting in 1899.
 The Boers wanted the diamonds and gold in South Africa to belong to them, and not the “outsiders”
(British).
 The Boers used guerrilla warfare tactics against the British.
 The British struck back by imprisoning women and children in concentration camps and burning Boer farms.
 The British won the war.
 The Union of South Africa, controlled by the British,
replaced the Boer Republic in 1902.
Imperialism in China
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Africa was divided into Colonies and ruled directly by Europeans.
China came under Imperialist control by using Spheres of Influence.
Europeans used leases and concessions to gain control of China.
In the 1790’s China was not interested in western influence.
China refused western technology.
China was self-sufficient.
 Good agriculture
 Extensive mining and manufacturing
 Finely produced goods
 Porcelain, cottons, and silk
Opium Wars (1839)
 The supply of opium started to grow which started to cause social, moral, and monetary
problems of the country
 The Qing emperor became angry and he talked with Queen Victoria of England
 Pleas of the Qing emperor went unanswered and Britain refused to stop trading the opium with
China
 As a result the British and the Chinese clashed and started the opium wars
 China was so behind the British in technology that the British was able to defeat China with their
cannons and gunboats
 In 1842 the British and the Chinese signed a peace treaty, the treaty of Nanjing and this gave
Britain a sphere of influence or exclusive trade rights to China.
 The treaty gave the British the island of Hong Kong
Treaty of Nanjing
 The Treaty of Nanjing was written after the Opium Wars between the Chinese and British
 The British naval technology was far better than that of the Chinese
 The Chinese were humiliated in an easy win for the British
 The Treaty of Nanjing was written in 1842
- British gained Hong Kong
Sphere of Influence
 Sphere of influence – a region where the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.
 The British had a sphere of influence over China during Imperialism.
Boxer Rebellion
 The widespread frustration among the Chinese people erupted, the people were upset with the foreigners
getting special treatments and privileges, they also resented the Chinese Christians, who were getting special
privileges as well.
 The peasants demonstrated their discontent by forming a secret organization called the Society of
Harmonious Fists. They later became known as the Boxers.
 Their campaign against the Dowager Empress’s rule and foreigners privileges was known as the Boxer
Rebellion.
 In the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxers descended on Beijing, shouting “Death to the Foreign Devils”. The
Boxers surrounded the city for several months, and the Empress expressed support for the Boxers, but did
not back her words with military support.
 In August, 20,000 troops marched toward Beijing, and soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy,
Russia, Japan, and the United States defeated the Boxers.
Sun Yixian and the Chinese Revolution
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Sun was the founder of the Chinese Republic in 1911 when the Last Emperor stepped down.
When he stepped down rival warlords fought for power
Several movements were formed
May Fourth Movement – students wanted to make China stronger through modernization, introduction of
western ideas like democracy and nationalism
Communist –Mao inspired by Marx and Lenin
Nationalists – formed by Sun Yixian, called Guomindang
After Sun’s death Jiang Jieshi took over Guomindang
Civil war began between Nationalists and Communists
Effects on the Colonies (Imperialism)(1750-1914)
 Short term effects
 Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule
 Individuals and groups resisted European domination
 Famines occurred in lands where farmers grew export crops for imperialist nations in place of food for
local use
 Western culture spread to new regions
 Long term effects
 Western culture continued to influence much of the world
 Transportation, education, and medical care were improved
 Resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalist movements
Cash Crop Economies
 Economic Problems
 Under colonial rule, Latin American economies had become dependent on trade with Spain and
Portugal.
 Latin Americans relied on a cash crop economy.
 The colonies sent raw materials such as sugar, cotton, and coffee to Europe and had to import
manufactured goods.
 Dependence on one or two crops is not good for a nation’s economy and makes them very
unstable.
Diversity and Interdependence
Understanding and respecting oneself and
others.
Understanding different languages, cultures,
genders, classes, religion, and human
characteristics.
Failure to accept diversity sometimes leads to
conflict.
Interdependence is reliance on others in
mutually benefiting interactions.
Diversity and Interdependence
 Byzantine Empire
 The empire blended many different cultures.
 Balkans
 This eastern region of Europe has always been a source of religious
diversity (Christians and Muslims) and ethnic diversity.
 Global Economy
 In the 1990’s the world economy became more dependent on many
nations. The world’s economy is global and this started during
Imperialism.
 Environmental Issues
 The global population shares the earth and what happens in one part of
the earth effects other areas of the earth.
Diversity and Interdependence
Other examples
Links between the East and West during the Mongols.
Islamic Fundamentalism
Hindus in India and Muslims in Pakistan.
 The Byzantium Empire
 In 395, the empire officially divided into two.
 Western roman empire was outrun by Germanic tribes.
 The new Rome
 Constantinople, the new capital or the empire.
 In 527, Justinian I becomes emperor.
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High ranking Byzantine nobleman
Ruled with absolute power
Won Italy and Spain
He ruled almost all the territory all Rome had ever had
Made Justinian's code, set of laws, severed the empire for 900 years
 In 671, Greek fire was invented.
 In 1054, Christian church divides
 Eastern orthodox
 Roman catholic
 In 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks.
Justinian Code
 To regulate a complex society, Justinian set up a panel of ten experts.
 The panels task was to create a single, uniform code for Justinian’s New Rome.
The result of the panel’s work was a body of civil law known as the Justinian Code.
After its completion the code consisted of four works;
1. The Code contained about 5,000 Roman laws.
2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the
laws. This work was ran to a total of 50 volumes.
 3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the laws.
 4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation passed after 534.
 The Justinian Code decided legal questions that regulated whole areas of Byzantine life.
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Rise of Mongols
Who and where?
 In the 1200’s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia fought their way into Russia. These nomads
were Mongols.
 They exploded onto the scene under the leadership of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared military leaders
of all time.
 When Genghis Khan died in 1227 his successors continued the conquering that he had begun.
Mongols In Russia
 Under Mongol rule the Russians could follow all their usual customs as long as the made no sign of rebellion.
The Mongols tolerated all the religions in their realms, and the Church acted as a mediator between the
people and the Mongols.
 The Mongols demanded two things from the Russians: Extreme Obedience, and massive amounts of tribute.
Mongol Rule Serves Russian Interests
 The Mongol rule in some ways helped unite Russia. They viewed Russia as their unified Empire. The rise of
the city of Moscow also began under Mongol rule.
Genghis Khan
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In the middle 1200’s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia slashed their way into Russia.
These nomads were the Mongols.
They had exploded onto the world scene at the beginning of the 1200’s under Genghis Khan.
He was one of the most feared warriors of all time.
When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his successors continued the conquering that he had begun.
At the fullest extent, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea and from the
Himalayas to northern Russia.
 After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Empire slowly began to fall apart.
Golden Horde
 During the time of Genghis Khan the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe
 After his time they attacked Russia, Hungary, and Poland
 His grandson, Batu, led Mongol armies into Russia and other lands of Eastern Europe between 1236 and
1241
 This group was known as the Golden Horde because of the color of there tents
 They conquered many Russian cities
 They ruled from a capital on the Volga River for 240 years
 The Golden Horde were fierce warriors but relatively tolerant rulers
Mongol Dynasty
 Kublai Khan Khan was another grandson of Genghis Khan, completed the job of conquering China. He did so by
dominating the south, he did not only rule China, but also Korea, Tibet, and some of Vietnam.
 Yuan dynasty Kublai Khan adopted the Chinese name of the Yuan dynasty for his dynasty because he did not want the
Mongols to become involved with Chinese civilization.
 However, Khan gave his best government jobs to Mongol workers and only allowed Mongols to serve in the
army.
 But, Chinese officials still governed the provinces.
Kublai Khan
Mongol Impact
 Reached it’s greatest extent in 1300.
 Stretched into Russia, Europe, Asia, and China
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Destruction and Conquest
Most of the leaders ruled with tolerance
Genghis Khan allowed art and education in his conquered countries
They ruled Russia for 250 years
They cut it off from the rest of Europe
Mongol Impact
 The Mongols were nomadic herders of central Asia. By 1300, they controlled much of Asia and eastern
Europe.
 The Mongol influence led to increases in trade and cultural spread over Asia and Europe.
 In Russia, the Mongol idea of Absolutist government stuck after the Mongols left, but it also isolated Russia
from Western Europe, leaving it behind in arts and science.
 Mongol rule promoted trade between Europe and Asia. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage along the Silk
Road, which increased trade greatly.
Pan-Slavism
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Russia had encouraged this form of nationalism in Eastern Europe
The movement tried to draw together all Slavic peoples
Russia was the largest Slavic nation
It was ready to defend a young Slavic nation in the Balkans, Serbia
Small Slavic populations throughout the Balkans looked to Russia for leadership in their desire for unity
Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national movements
Powder Keg of Europe
 The Powder Keg of Europe was the Balkans
 The Ottoman Empire also known as the “Sick Man of Europe” was having problems holding on to the
Balkans
 Both Austria-Hungary and Russian wanted the area.
 Ethnic groups such as the Serbs also wanted their own freedom in the Balkans.
 Because of tensions in the area and the fear of a nationalistic revolt it was believed that this would be the area
that would start a “great war”.
 With the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand in the Balkans it was the spark that started World
War One
Islamic Fundamentalism
 In the 1970’s Muslims began to oppose westernization.
 They wanted to return to the Islamic ways to solve the problems of their countries.
 Iran’s Khomeini led history's first modern Islamic revolution essentially turning Iran from a modernizing
secular nation back into a Islamic state based on strict Islamic law and tradition
 Some of the impacts were.
 Banning all western books, movies and music
 Strict adherence to the Muslim religion
 Rights taken away from women
 Encouraged other Muslim countries to overthrow their governments.
Economics after WWII
Economies of Developing Nations
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"The trade policies of the industrialized countries cause great harm to the economies of
many developing nations which depend heavily upon agriculture,"
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Another common way to refer to developed versus developing nations is by dividing the
globe along geographical lines
Dependence on the World Market
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The global South is affected by post-colonialism. Much of the labor force is engaged in agriculture.
The global South countries depend on the developed nations for manufactured good and technology while
exporting cash crops.
This leads to trade deficits, a situation in which a nation imports more than it exports.
Economic struggles and the desire to develop quickly have led to heavy borrowing from foreign banks,
putting them in debt.
In 1980s interest rates rose, and there was a global economic slowdown.
Resources had to be sent on the rising interest payments. Lowering productivity and increased debt.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
 In the 1970s they developed their own economic policies.
European Union
Joining together
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The European Union is the creation of a new economy where everyone including the western nations joined
OPEC Oil Crisis
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OPEC means the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
This was a trade group that attempts to set world oil prices by controlling oil production.
In 1973, OPEC nations halted exports of oil to certain countries.
Egypt and Israel were at war. Arab countries the embargo against the U.S. and other countries that supported
Israel. This made prices skyrocket.
 In the 1980’s and 1990’s, a surplus of oil allowed prices to fall.
 In 1998, OPEC nations cut oil production and oil prices rose all over the world.
World Trade Organization
 The World Trade Organization was established to supervise free trade.
 Made up by mostly wealthy nations, including the United States, Great Britain, and China.
 They control most of the trade in the world, often neglecting 3rd world nations.
Pacific Rim
 The Pacific Rim is the region that has Southeast Asia and East Asia in it
 It is a group of nations in Asia and America that boarder the Pacific Ocean
 Countries on the Pacific Rim became important parts of the global economy
North American Free Trade Agreement
 WHO: United States of America, Canada, Mexico
 WHAT: Regional Cooperation that has linked the economy of the U.S., Canada and Mexico to help to
achieve prosperity and improve regional self-reliance.
Acid Rain
 Acid rain is formed from too much acidic compounds that build up and released as rain.
 This will then fall, and then begin to eat away at buildings, plants, and other organisms.
 Acid rain is started by factories spewing out loads of chemical bi-products into the air.
Global Warming
 Greenhouse Effect
 Scientist are concerned with the rising temperatures of the Earth.
 Causes of the Greenhouse Effect
 The burning of fossil fuels like coal by major industrial nations.
 The burning of rain forest and other forest.
 The depletion of the ozone layer
 Outcome
 Scientist fear that the rising temperatures could effect
 Agriculture
 Cause the melting of the ice caps and coastal flooding
 In 1997 the U.N. set limits on pollutions that can be put into the air to stop this warming.
Justice and Human Rights
Justice is fair and equal treatment given to
individuals.
Human rights are those basic political economic
or social rights to which all people are entitled.
Throughout history justice and human rights
have been violated.
Justice and Human Rights
 Code of Hammurabi
 Code of laws carved onto a pillar in Babylon (1800 BC) so all people
knew the laws. First major collection of laws in history.
 English Bill of Rights
 Limited the power of the monarchy and returned rights to English
citizens.
 Irish Potato Famine
 When the disease that killed the potato crops caused a famine the British
instead of feeding the Irish exported food from Ireland back to England.
 Tiananmen Square
 In 1980’s students who wanted more political freedom. During a
demostration in Tiananmen Square the Chinese government killed many
of the peaceful demonstrators.
Justice and Human Rights
Other examples
Law of the Twelve Tables
Justinian’s Code
Magna Carta
Armenian Genocide
Holocaust
Apartheid
Cambodian Genocide
International Terrorism
Justinian Code
 To regulate a complex society, Justinian set up a panel of ten experts.
 The panels task was to create a single, uniform code for Justinian’s New Rome.
The result of the panel’s work was a body of civil law known as the Justinian Code.
After its completion the code consisted of four works;
1. The Code contained about 5,000 Roman laws.
2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the
laws. This work was ran to a total of 50 volumes.
 3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the laws.
 4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation passed after 534.
 The Justinian Code decided legal questions that regulated whole areas of Byzantine life.
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English Bill of Rights
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The bill was drafted in 1689.
England had become a constitutional monarchy meaning there were laws that limited the ruler’s power.
The English Bill of Rights listed the things the leader could not do.
There were four laws- 2 dealt with not interfering with Parliament speech or laws and 2 dealt with not taxing
the citizens without the consent of Parliament and letting the citizens petition.
Magna Carta
“Great Charter”
 A document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King
John in A.D. 1215.
 This charter was a form of revolt, rebelling against the unfair leadership of King John.
 John failed as a military leader. He was horrible to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them.
To finance his wars, John raised taxes to an all-time high.
 The nobles wanted to guarantee certain basic political rights and limit the power of the king.
 Guaranteed rights included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law.
Mass Starvation in Ireland
British Rule
 Migrations occurred from Ireland, under British rule most of the land was used for farming.
 The British got all if the crops accept for the potato crops which the Irish made their main food which
supported the Irish for until 1845.
 In 1845 a disease had destroyed the potato crops, other crops where not affected.
 The British still continued to ship products out of Ireland
 4 years later, 1million Irish had died of starvation, millions of others moved to the U.S. and Canada.
Armenian Massacre
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In the 1880’s 2.5 million Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire begun to demand their freedom.
Relations between the Armenians and the Turks grew strained.
Throughout the 1890’s, Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians.
When World War I erupted in 1914, the Armenians pledged their support to the Turks’ enemies.
In response, the Turkish government deported nearly 2 million Armenians, along the way more than 600,000
died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers.
 It was the first genocide of the 20th century
Genocide
 In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to
destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
 (a) Killing members of the group;
 (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
 (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part;
 (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
 (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
World War Two: Holocaust
 The Holocaust:
 The murder of over 12 million people mainly Jews, also Gypsies, Homosexuals
 Lead by Adolf Hitler who came to power following WW2 and took power with his Nazi power spreading
Anti-Semitism or the hatred of Jews throughout Germany
 The Jews were used as a scapegoat, the cause of Germany’s problems
 By eliminating the Jews he was promoting his Aryan race, a pure German race superior to others
 The plan to eliminate all the Jews was called the Final Solution, Jews were executed by the masses, gassed to
death in gas chambers, starved in ghettos and death camps, and humiliated all because they were different
Nuremburg Laws
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These were laws that deprived Jews and made discrimination against them legal
All Jews were required to wear a yellow star of David to identify them
Treatment of the Jews continued to worsen until they were sent to slave labor camps, and death camps
Nuremberg Laws
 In 1933 after Hitler comes to power he enacts the Nuremberg Laws.
 These laws were designed to treat Jews as second class citizens.
 It took away their rights
• To vote
• Fly the German flag
• Had to wear the Star of David
• Change their name from a German name to a Jewish name.
Kristallnacht
A major increase of Nazi persecution of Jews.
November 7th , 1938 a Jew shot a German official.
November 9th 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish homes, synagogues, and businesses.
The streets were littered with glass and the attack was named Kristallnacht or Night of the Broken Glass.
Around 100 Jews were murdered that night.
It was the first outright violence against the Jews in Germany and Austria and is considered the start of the
Holocaust
Final Solution
∙Hitler’s Plan
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Once World War Two started Hitler wanted to expand the boarders of Germany eastward.
The problem was what to do with the Jews and Slavs who occupied the land.
The first measure was to deport the Jews to Ghettos, areas set up in major Polish cities.
The Final Solution was a program of genocide.
It was the systematic killing of an entire group of people.
Gas chambers were used for mass murder killing up to 6,000 humans a day.
∙Other Races
 The Nazi’s eliminated other races too, not just the Jews.
 These races included: Poles, Russians, homosexuals, the insane, the disabled, and the incurably ill.
∙The Final Stage
 Six million Jews died in the mass killings.
 Five million others also died during the Holocaust
Concentration Camps
 During the Holocaust, Nazi Germany imprisoned millions of Jews in concentration camps.
 The first concentration camps started in the early 1930s. They held fewer people at the time, and did not use
lethal tactics as often.
 From the start of the Holocaust to 1945, over 6,000,000 Jews were killed.
 Some of the major camps were Dachau, Auschwitz, and Treblinka.
 Prisoners often died from forced labor, mass starvation, and execution
Nuremburg Trials
 To deal with Germany’s guilt in World War Two, the International Military Tribunal, representing 23 nations,
put Nazi war criminals on trial in Nuremburg, Germany
 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression, as well as violating the laws of war and
committing crimes against humanity
 Of the 22 defendants, 12 were sentenced to death for their actions during the war and the Holocaust
 One of the twelve committed suicide, and the other 11 were hanged on October 16, 1946
Cambodian Genocide
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In 1975 Communist guerrillas known as the Khamer Rouge took control of Cambodia.
Cambodia is located next to Vietnam.
The leader of the Khamer Rouge Pol Pot began to remove all western influences from the country.
Millions of innocent people were murdered in an effort to promote this non western influence.
Many intellectuals were killed in the genocide.
In 1979 the government of Vietnam entered Cambodia and removed Pol Pot and the Khamer Rouge
Rwanda Genocide
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In 1994 ethnic conflict between Hutu and Tutsi tribe members lead to a genocide.
85% of the population consisted of Hutu while 15 % consisted of Tutsi.
Hutu extremist wanted to kill off the Tutsi tribe members and in 1994 they launched and attack on the Tutsi.
In about two months almost a million people were killed. One person every 17 seconds.
The genocide was finally stopped after three month by Tutsi backed rebels.
The Hutu extremist were removed from power.
Slobodan Milosevic
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Slobodan Milosevic was the president of Yugoslavia
He was a Serb and he resorted to violence against Muslims and other groups in the former Yugoslavia
The killing of these groups was called Ethnic Cleansing or a Genocide
He used the Yugoslavian army to try to prevent non-Serbs from breaking away from Yugoslavia
Ethnic Cleansing
 The policy of removing or killing certain people of ethnic groups
 Ethnic groups applies to people of certain races
 The Holocaust was a form of ethnic cleansing
in this picture a Jewish boy is being hanged
ex: ethnic groups
Terrorism
 Terrorism is the use of unpredictable violence, especially against civilians, to gain revenge or achieve
political goals.
 Terrorism is usually used by groups of people who do not have their own military power in their
country.
 Terrorists use tactics such as bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, and hijackings.
 Terrorist are beginning to threaten other country with nuclear and chemical weapons.
Northern Ireland
Troubles in Northern Ireland
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Protestant majority controlled Northern Ireland’s government and economy.
Northern Ireland decided to stay united with Great Britain and Catholics resented the division.
In 1960’s Catholic groups began to want more civil rights.
Used violent rioting and fighting between Catholics and Protestants.
In 1994, militant groups on both sides decided to cease fire and have face-to-face talks.
Irish Republican Army
 A Catholic group whose goal was to drive the British from Northern Ireland and unify the country.
 A cease-fire was declared in 1995, but incidents have continued to occur
9/11
World Towers attacked by terrorists killed over 2,000 people.
Terrorist who attacked the United States claimed that they wanted to drive western influence out of the Middle
East.
While it was the first major terrorist attack on U.S. soil Europe, the Middle East and the rest of the world has
been dealing with terrorism for decades.
Apartheid in South Africa
 A policy created by whites in South Africa making people segregated. Blacks and other non-whites had to live
in certain zones of the city and were not allowed in the white areas.
 Blacks and non-whites had to use separate:
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Trains
Beaches
Restaurants
Restrooms
Etc.
 The whites who made up only 10 percent of the South African population wanted to maintain control of the
government and economy
 Non-whites weren’t allowed to vote or hold office
Nelson Mandela
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Important leader of the ANC (African National Congress)
In 1964 he was put in jail by the government
He remained in jail for 27 years
Mandela became the symbol of the struggle for freedom and oppressed Blacks and non-whites in South
Africa.
In 1992 Mandela was freed by F.W. deKlerk
deKlerk and Mandela work on ending apartheid in South Africa and both write a new constitution for South
Africa.
In 1994 Mandela becomes the first elected Black President of South Africa.
He receives Noble Peace Prize for ending an apartheid
China’s Human Rights Violations
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China will not give political freedoms
China has been known for human rights violations.
China’s violations of human rights has strained relations with western nations and the United States.
Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square
 1989 demonstrators in Beijing wanted more rights and freedoms.
 The government used tanks and troops on the demonstrators.
 Thousands were killed.
 The Chinese government showed that they were in control and would offer no political freedoms.
Tiananmen Square-1989
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Huge public space in Beijing, China.
Deng Xiaoping began to make reforms in China.
Not sticking to the communist ways, some people got worried that China would become democratic.
In April,1989, about 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square.
The chanted and protested for democratic reforms.
They had widespread support.
Deng sent in troops and tanks to break up the riots. Most of the protestors left, but about 3,000 stayed.
The soldiers then came in an opened fire on all of the protestors.
One brave man stood in front of the convoy of tanks that were coming in to the square. When they
moved he moved. He blocked the tanks from coming in. The tanks couldn’t run him over, due to all
of the media. The tanks finally gave up and turned around after a few hours.
Movement of People and Goods
Cultural diffusion is the constant exchange of
people, ideas, products and technology from one
region or civilization to another.
Cultural diffusion has occurred all through
history
Movement of People and Goods
 Muslim Influence on Africa
 Muslim traders spread Islam across Africa.
 Muslim traders were able to touch a large amount of diverse people and
bring new ideas and technologies.
 Silk Road
 4,000 mile trade route from western China to Europe.
 From 100 AD goods, technology and ideas were exchanged between
China and Europe.
 Crusades
 From 1000 to 1200 AD Christian and Muslims battled for the Holy Land.
In doing so they also exchanged cultures and ideas.
 Modern Communications
 World computers, satellite communications allow ideas to be passed over
great distances.
Movement of People and Goods
Other examples
Buddhism and Confucianism to Japan.
Muslim influence on Europe
Mansa Musa
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He was an African American ruler
He may have been the grandnephew of Mali’s first leader, Sandiata
Musa was a skilled military leader and exorcised royal control
He was a devout Muslim, he went on a hajj to Mecca from 1324 to 1325
Controlled and ruled a vast empire in Africa
Songhai
 The Songhai was a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400’s to
1591.
 They built up an army and extended their territory to the Niger River near Gao, and gained control
of all the important trade routes.
 Until the late 1500’s, civil war broke out. Invaders from the north defeated the forces of Songhai, and
caused downfall of the kingdom.
SILK ROAD
 The Han dynasty opened a trade route called the silk road that eventually linked china with lands as far west
as Mesopotamia. Silk and other Chinese goods moved west, while products such as muslin, glass, and new
foods came to china. The silk road stretched for 4000 miles. Few merchants traveled the entire distance.
Most of the good that were traded were done at markets along the way
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Cultural Exchanges: The Crusades
 Crusades
 During the Middle Ages, Europeans had only one significant unifying aspect of life. The
Catholic Church permeated every aspect of society.
 For about 200 years, Western Europe under the sway of the Catholic church attempted to
retake the Holy Land away from the Muslims. The largest target was the holy city of Jerusalem,
however, other areas were fought over, such as the city of Constantinople.
 Although the crusades were considered there were some positive effects. Europeans began to
gain an expanded view of the world. Trade increased drastically. Crusaders brought home new
fabrics, spices, and perfumes.
Saladin
∙ Respected Muslim Leader
∙Saladin united the Muslim world in the late 1100’s.
∙He was respected by both Christians and Muslims.
∙Saladin went to Jerusalem and the Christians had their mind set on stopping him.
∙Taking of Jerusalem
∙There was no Christian victory when they went to stop Saladin.
∙Crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered, but Saladin would not let his soldiers kill or harm them the Crusaders or the
people.
∙Richard the Lion-Hearted
∙King of England in 1189.
∙He wanted to take Jerusalem from Saladin.
∙Richard won a lot of victories during the Third Crusade.
∙Richards forces were unable to capture the city.
Impact of the Crusades
 Increased Trade
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Before the crusades trade with the Byzantine empire sparked interest in goods form the east
Crusaders returning from Europe brought home new fabrics, spices, and perfume
Ships used to carry crusaders now became trade ships
Both Eastern and Western economies benefited from trade
 Encouragement of Learning
 As Europeans were exposed to the Byzantine and Muslim culture they began to take interest in
learning
 They were exposed to advances in math, science, literature, art, and geographic knowledge
 Changes in the Church
 The Crusades increased the power of the pope for a short time
 Problems between Eastern and Western Churches grew after the crusader’s attack on
Constantinople
 Changes in the Feudal System
 Crusades increased the power of Monarchs
 Feudalism was weakening
 Serfs had been to pay for land using food, but now Lords demanded payment in the form of
money to finance the crusades
 An economy based on money, not land, took over
Science and Technology
Tools and methods used by people to get what
they need and want.
Science and Technology
 Neolithic Revolution
Knowledge concerning farming and domestication of animals.
 Invention of the Printing Press
Printing allowed the spread of new ideas.
 Computer Revolution
Society has become dependent on computers and digital
information
 Space Exploration
Exploring the solar system
Science and Technology
Other Examples
Green Revolution
Neolithic
 Neolithic revolution was around 10,000 B.C.
 Environmental changes caused an end to the stone age because people could farm and domesticate animals.
 People no longer had to wander to search for food but could raise their own food and live in permanent
settlements.
 This new age was called the Neolithic period
 The new discoveries called the Neolithic Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution
because the new farming discoveries changed the way people lived.
The Green Revolution (1960’s)
 Increasing the Food Supply:
 Due to the overpopulation problem in the world scientist needed to find a way to increase food
production.
 New fertilizers, pesticides, grains and livestock were developed.
 In the 1960’s this new technology was introduced to poor, developing countries such as India and
Indonesia.
 The new technology was a success and was called the Green Revolution.
 Problems with the Green Revolution:
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While the Green Revolution increased food it did not end poverty or world hunger.
Technology had limitations.
Populations grew faster then food production.
Poor farmers could not afford the new technology.
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
 Period of time in which a new way of thinking came about. The beliefs held by many for so long were now
being questioned.
 Use logic and reason to solve the problems of the world (Secular not church thought)
 New ideas about the solar system such as Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory and inventions like Galileo’s
telescope allowed scientists to learn more about the universe.
 Also, many new medical discoveries were made. Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope and first saw
red blood cells.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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1500’s when people started to challenge the old ideas about the world
The Scientific Method – approach to science using experimentation and
observation
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Copernicus – Heliocentric (theory that the world revolves around the sun)
Galileo – helped proved Heliocentric theory
Isaac Newton – Newton’s Laws of Physics
Brought upon Enlightenment!
Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Secular
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Secular teachings occurred during the Renaissance in Italy
Secular teachings were more concerned with worldly matters rather than spiritual
Secular teachings went against the church
Some church leaders though became more worldly rather then sticking with the church
They began to live in mansions, lavish banquets, and wore expensive clothing
Geocentric Theory
 The belief that the earth was the center of the universe and everything else revolved
around it.
Heliocentric (mid- 1500’s)
 Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish scholar who challenged the common belief that the
Earth was the center of the universe.
 Copernicus suggested that the universe actually revolved around the Sun.
 This theory was called heliocentric.
 At the time most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory.
Copernicus-1500’s
 Developed the Heliocentric or sun-centered theory
 Theory stated that the sun is the center of the universe and that everything revolves
around it
 It took Copernicus 25 years of studies to come up with this theory
 He wrote a book on his findings but feared persecution. He therefore didn’t publish it until 1543. He received
a copy of his book on his death bed.
Galileo
 Galileo Galilei was a young Italian scholar, who discovered the law of the pendulum and proved Aristotle’s
idea to be wrong, by watching a chandelier swing on its chain, and timing it with his on pulse and discovered
that each swing of the pendulum took the exact same amount of time.
 In another study, Galileo found that falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate. He again proved
Aristotle’s findings to be wrong. Aristotle had stated that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. From
the Tower of Pisa, Galileo dropped items of different weights, and calculated how fast each one fell.
Contrary to Aristotle’s belief, the objects fell at the same speed.
 Galileo had found out that a Dutch lens marker had built an instrument that would allow the looker to
enlarge far-off objects. Galileo had not even seen this device, yet he was able to build his own, and with a
few adjustments he was able to use his version of the telescope to study the stars.
 In 1610, Galileo had a series of newsletters published called the Starry Messenger, which described his
astronomical discoveries. He described his findings on the planets, the constellations, etc.
 Galileo’s findings led to major conflict with the Church, since his findings proved the Church wrong. The
Church did not want its followers to believe Galileo, because if they had known that they were wrong about
the Solar System, they might be wrong about religion too.
ISSAC NEWTON
 Born January 4, 1643; Died March 31, 1727
 At 25 years old he began revolutionary advances in math, physics, astronomy and optics.
 Sir Isaac Newton created the law of gravity and disproved Aristotle’s idea that every object attracts every
other object
 In 1967 Isaac Newton published his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
 This book is one of the most important scientific books ever written.
 He discovered that most everything in the universe could be expressed mathematically
Scientific Method (1600’s)
 It is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
 It begins with a question or problem arising from an observation.
 Next you form a hypothesis
 Then test the hypothesis by doing experiments and collecting data
 Lastly, analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion, that conclusion either proves or disproves
your hypothesis
 The work of two important thinkers helped to advance the new approach:
 Francis Bacon
 An English politician and writer
 He criticized the way both Aristotle and medieval scholars arrived at their conclusions
 He felt that they should experiment first and gather information, and than use that information to
draw their conclusions (this is called the experimental method)
 Rene Descartes
 Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry
 Like Bacon he believed scientists needed to reject old assumptions, but by using mathematics and
logic
 Everything should be doubted until proved by reason
 “I think, therefore I am”
Modern Global Connections and Interactions
On every level the people of the world meet,
connect, interact and sometimes come into
conflict.
These interactions involve politics, economics,
culture, or the environment.
Modern Global Connections and Interactions
 Global Environmental Cooperation
 Nations are becoming interdependent about environmental issues. What
one country does effects many other nations.
 Global Migration
 Since the 1900’s there have been many large movements of people from
places like Africa, Asia, and Latin America to place like Europe and
North America.
 International Terrorism
 Modern technology and transportation have allowed violent groups to
express themselves globally by random acts of violence.
 The United Nations
 Created after World War Two the United Nations allows countries to
come together to seek peaceful solutions to global problems.
Modern Global Connections and Interactions
Other Examples
Economic Interdependence
Nuclear Proliferation
Sharing new technologies.
Terrorism
 Terrorism is the use of unpredictable violence, especially against civilians, to gain revenge or achieve
political goals.
 Terrorism is usually used by groups of people who do not have their own military power in their
country.
 Terrorists use tactics such as bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, and hijackings.
 Terrorist are beginning to threaten other country with nuclear and chemical weapons.
Northern Ireland
Troubles in Northern Ireland
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Protestant majority controlled Northern Ireland’s government and economy.
Northern Ireland decided to stay united with Great Britain and Catholics resented the division.
In 1960’s Catholic groups began to want more civil rights.
Used violent rioting and fighting between Catholics and Protestants.
In 1994, militant groups on both sides decided to cease fire and have face-to-face talks.
Irish Republican Army
 A Catholic group whose goal was to drive the British from Northern Ireland and unify the country.
 A cease-fire was declared in 1995, but incidents have continued to occur
9/11
World Towers attacked by terrorists killed over 2,000 people.
Terrorist who attacked the United States claimed that they wanted to drive western influence out of the Middle
East.
While it was the first major terrorist attack on U.S. soil Europe, the Middle East and the rest of the world has
been dealing with terrorism for decades.
United Nations
 When the UN was started
 June 1945 US and Soviet Union joined with 48 other countries to form the UN
 Why the UN was started
 The countries wanted a peacekeeping organization that could stop wars and protect the citizens of the world.
 All countries were to be invited to join the UN
 The Security Council
 The Security Council was 5 permanent members: Britain, China, France, US and USSR
 The difference between the UN and the League of Nations was that the UN was to have the support
of all countries and also have a military to keep peace in the world
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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In 1948, the U.N. ratified this document to set down human rights standards for all nations
It states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person
Many people around the world became involved in assuring that these rights were respected
Many organizations, like Amnesty International, work to track human rights violations
Conflict
Conflict has occurred throughout history.
Sometimes the cost of conflict has lead to
massive property destruction and loss of life.
The causes of conflict may be political, social or
economic.
Conflict
 Religious Conflicts
 Conflicts between people that have different belief systems began in ancient times
and still exist today.
 Places like Israel, Northern Ireland, Pakistan and India have experienced religious
conflict.
 Political Revolutions
 Violent revolutions began in the later 1700’s by people seeking political reforms.
Revolutions still occur to day.
 The American Revolution (1776). The French Revolution (1789). The Russian
Revolution (1917). The Chinese Revolution (1948).
 World War One
 This war was the first modernized war and truly the first global conflict. It was
also a total war in that not just soldiers but also civilians were targets of the war.
 The Cold War
 After World War two the U.S. and the Soviet Union came into conflict over
political and economic ideologies. Both countries competed against each other
and used their influence on nations around the world.
Conflict
Other examples
Crusades
World War Two
Ethnic disputes in the Balkans
World War One
Militarism(1895)
 A policy of glorifying Military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
 It was first used before World War One, when Britain and Germany were competing on who could have a
better navy.
 Both Germany and Great Britain were building up their Navies to make it better than each others so that
they would be ready if a war came.
 This policy was part of what started the war along with nationalism, imperialism, and alliances.
Alliances
 Allies agreed to help one another fight or give war supplies to, if the other was attacked
 World war one:
 The central powers were Germany and Austria Hungary
 They were against the allied powers which were Great Britain, France, and Russia
 Japan joined the allied powers in a week and Italy which at first was neutral joined the allied powers in 9
months
 World War two
 Axis powers were Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria
 They were versus the allies which were U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia
Imperialism (1800’s)
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The domination by one country of the political and /or economic life of another country.
Britain, France, Germany major imperialists
Competed for colonies and economic power.
One of the causes of WWI
Nationalism for the Cause of WWI
 Nationalism the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with whom
they share a culture and history—rather then to a king or empire.
 Nationalism can serve as a unifying force within a country. However, it can also cause intense competition
between nation, with each seeking to overpower another.
 By the turn of the 20th century, a fierce rivalry indeed had developed among Europe’s Great Powers. Those
nations were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France.
 The increasing rivalry among European nations stemmed form several sources. Competition for materials
and markets was one.
 Germany competed with Great Britain for industrial dominance because Germany’s many new industries
made its economy the fastest growing power on the continent.
 Nationalistic rivalries also grew out of territorial disputes. France for example, had never gotten over the loss
of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in the France-Prussian War (1870) Austria-Hungary and Russia both tried to
dominate the Balkans, the intense nationalism of the people that lived there however, led to demands for
independence.
Powder Keg of Europe
 The Powder Keg of Europe was the Balkans
 The Ottoman Empire also known as the “Sick Man of Europe” was having problems holding on to the
Balkans
 Both Austria-Hungary and Russian wanted the area.
 Ethnic groups such as the Serbs also wanted their own freedom in the Balkans.
 Because of tensions in the area and the fear of a nationalistic revolt it was believed that this would be the area
that would start a “great war”.
 With the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand in the Balkans it was the spark that started World
War One
Armenian Massacre
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In the 1880’s 2.5 million Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire begun to demand their freedom.
Relations between the Armenians and the Turks grew strained.
Throughout the 1890’s, Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians.
When World War I erupted in 1914, the Armenians pledged their support to the Turks’ enemies.
In response, the Turkish government deported nearly 2 million Armenians, along the way more than 600,000
died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers.
 It was the first genocide of the 20th century
Allied Powers and Central Powers-1914
 Military alliances during World War One.
 Allied Powers
-Britain
-France
-Russia
-Italy, and US later joined
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Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
In 1914, millions of soldiers went off to war after
They happily marched off due to the thought of a short war.
Trench Warfare
 When French and British troops stopped the advance of the German Army in France both sides
dug in trenches.
 Neither side was able to advance over the next four years.
 Life in the trenches was horrid
 Rats
 Mud
 Lack of sleep
 Death
 If militarism glorified war, trench warfare did everything it could to demystify the idea of a
glorious war
The Zimmermann telegram
During world war one, the British intercepted a telegram from German foreign secretary, Arthur
Zimmermann to the German Ambassador in Mexico. The message said that Germany would help
Mexico get Texas back if Mexico would be Germany’s ally. The British gave the message to the
United States and they got mad. America declared war against Germany.
Russia withdraws from the war
 Because of low morale the Russians couldn’t put up a fight anymore so they signed a treaty with Germany
taking them out of the war in 1917
 Russia’s withdraw from the war angered Britain and France
 The treaty was called the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, it was signed in march of 1918
 It was a big lose for Russia because it gave Germany a large part of the Russian territory
 Although, Lenin thought it was required that they make peace with Germany at any cost so that they could
deal with there own enemies at home in Russia.
Treaty of Versailles
June 28th 1919...
 The peace treaty signed by Germany and the allied powers after World War One.
 The treaty punished Germany- “war guilt clause” was known as Germany had responsibility for the war and
had to pay reparations to the allies.
 The League of Nations was developed with the 5 allied powers (U.S. ,Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan).
It was an international peace organization and Germany and Russia were excluded.
 The treaty limited the size of Germany, forbidden Germany to build or buy submarines, and Germany
returned Alsace-Lorraine to France.
 The treaty was caused for a bitter Germany and led to World War Two.
War Guilt Clause
Treaty Of Versailles
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The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the allied powers, after World War I, on June 28,1919.
Part of this treaty included a clause called the war guilt clause.
This clause placed the guilt, or responsibility, of the war entirely on Germany.
Germany was forced to pay the allies $33 billion in reparations over 30 years.
This clause was unfair because it placed all the guilt upon Germany.
This clause would later lead to World War II.
League of Nations
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An international association formed after WW1 with the goal of keeping peace among nations
The League of Nations had no military backing and could not stop conflicts between nations
The League of Nations also lacked the support of the United States
The League of Nations was considered a failure and could not stop World War Two.
It was disbanded after World War Two and The United Nations was formed.
Break up of Austria-Hungary
 Due to the war Austria-Hungary’s government fell apart.
 New nations formed as a result.
 Including: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire
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With the end of the war the Ottoman Empire fell apart.
Many of the lands in the Middle East were taken over by the British and the French
Areas such as the Balkans became independent states
Turkey became it’s own independent state
Cold War
Cold War
 The Cold War was a continuing state of tension and hostility between the United
States and the Soviet Union.
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It started after World War II
It was considered a “cold” war because armed battle between the superpowers did not occur.
The United States feared communism and wanted to stop the Soviet Union from spreading it.
Even though the United States and the Soviet Union never fought directly, they fought through other
countries like in The Vietnam War and The Korean War.
 It was and arms race. Each country raced to have the most nuclear weapons.
 It eventually turned into and economic war with the United States winning.
Yalta Conference
 Cold War
 Postwar Plan
 In February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in the Soviet Union to decide what was
going to happen to Europe after World War Two
 They agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces,
( East and West ).
 France/Britain/United States- West Germany
 Soviet Union- East Germany
United Nations
 When the UN was started
 June 1945 US and Soviet Union joined with 48 other countries to form the UN
 Why the UN was started
 The countries wanted a peacekeeping organization that could stop wars and protect the citizens of the world.
 All countries were to be invited to join the UN
 The Security Council
 The Security Council was 5 permanent members: Britain, China, France, US and USSR
 The difference between the UN and the League of Nations was that the UN was to have the support
of all countries and also have a military to keep peace in the world
Two Superpowers
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After World War Two, many of the leading nations in the world were in decline (Germany, France, Britain).
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged after World War Two as the two world superpowers.
Superpower- describes each of the rivals that came to dominate global politics after World War Two.
Many other states in the world came under the domination or influence of these powers.
United States- Democratic
Soviet Union- Communist
Divided Germany
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From 1945 until 1990, Germany was divided into two countries: East Germany and West Germany.
East Germany was Communist and West Germany was a democracy.
The capital, Berlin, was divided into two cities as well.
All of this was decided at the Yalta Conference.
The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak so they could not start another World War and insisted on a
divided Germany.
 The western countries wanted to help Germany rebuild.
 Because of these disagreements, they split Germany in two, eastern side would be controlled by the Soviets,
and the western side by the United States.
 Germany was united after 1989 when the Berlin Wall separating the two countries was torn down.
The Iron Curtain
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After the war the Soviets were responsible for re-building Eastern Europe.
Stalin wanted a buffer zone in Europe.
Soon Stalin supported pro-communist governments in eastern Europe.
Europe became divided east=communist west=democracy
This became known as the Iron Curtain.
These pro-communist countries loyal to the Soviet Union became known as satellites
Containment
 The United States developed a program called Containment.
 This policy was first outlined under the Truman Doctrine.
 The U.S. would use military alliances-NATO
 Economic aid-The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan
 Military involvement-Korean War/Vietnam War
 To stop the spread of Communism in the world
Truman Doctrine
 A US policy of giving economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external
opponents, announced by President Harry Truman in 1947
 On Dec. 31, 1946, President Truman declared an end to the period of World War II.
 Early in 1947 the British said they could not support the Greek government after March 31.
 President Truman met the problem by asking Congress for 400 million dollars to aid Greece and
Turkey. Congress appropriated the money. This policy of aid, popularly known as the Truman
Doctrine, was an American challenge to Soviet ambitions throughout the world.
 The Communists gained control over many nations in eastern Europe
 President Truman realized that the U.S. would have to lead in the fight for freedom
Marshall Plan
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Much of Western Europe was in ruins after World War II
Marshall Plan – U.S. would give aid to any European country that needed it
The plan cost $12.5 billion dollars, and was approved after Czechoslovakia was seized by the Soviets
This plan proved to be a success in Western Europe and Yugoslavia
NATO
 National Alliance Treaty Organization After the Berlin Airlift and the division of West Germany and East Germany, western European countries
formed an alliance that consisted of military support.
 The members of the National Alliance Treaty Organization pledged to support each other if any member
nation was attacked.
 Soviet Union…a threat! The Soviets saw this organization as a threat to them during the Cold War.
 They decided to make a reflection, and started and formed the Warsaw Pact, which consisted of other nations
that supported the Soviet Union and their communist government.
 The Warsaw pact was also a defense alliance, that promised military cooperation if any others were attacked
or asked to do so.
Warsaw Pact
 A military alliance formed during the Cold War, in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern
European countries.
 The Soviets viewed the United States’ NATO as a threat, so they formed their own alliance as part of
their containment policy – splitting the world into two sides.
 The Soviets allied with Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and
Albania.
 The United States and Canada, along with ten Western European nations joined together to form
NATO.
 Some countries, like China and India, refused to ally with either the U.S. or the Soviets.
Berlin Wall
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The wall was put up in 1949.
It separated East and West Berlin
The wall became a symbol of the Cold War-the division between democracy and communism
East was communist
West was democratic
West was It came down in 1989
Hungarian Revolution
 Hungarians wanted to end Soviet domination and end the Communist party control in Hungary. Hungarians
began to revolt against the Soviets.
 November 4, 1956, Soviet forces launched a major attack on Hungary aimed at crushing, once and for all, the
spontaneous national uprising that had begun 12 days earlier.
 Hungarian Prime Minister Imre Nagy announced the invasion to the nation in a grim, 35-second broadcast,
declaring: "Our troops are fighting. The Government is in its place”
 Nagy finally agreed to leave the Yugoslav Embassy. But he was immediately arrested by Soviet security
officers and flown to a secret location in Romania. By then, the fighting had mostly ended, the Hungarian
resistance had essentially been destroyed.
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
 In 1968, the Communist leader of Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek, loosened communist constraints on
the people.
 This movement toward a more civil communism became known as Prague Spring.
 The Soviets disliked this movement and felt they needed to stop the movement
 On August 20 the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries invaded Czechoslovakia.
 Dubcek was expelled from the Communist Party, and did not regain political power until 1989 when he
began to share power with the Soviet Union.
Arms Race
∙United States and Soviet Union
Both places armed themselves preparing to withstand attack from each other.
The U.S. developed the atomic bomb during World War II.
Soviets developed their own in 1949.
Both superpowers spent a lot of money for 40 years to make more weapons.
They raised a lot of tension between one another.
People were feared that these weapons would destroy the world.
MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction)
 The reason for the build-up was for both First Strikes and Mutual Assured Destruction of each
country.
 If the Soviets planned to attack the U.S. with nuclear weapons then the U.S. would respond with
the same.
Space Race
During the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union competed against
each other to get satellites and the newest technology into orbit.
The space race started in the late 1950’s.
Both countries wanted to explore and over time control space.
The Soviet Union was the first to launch a satellite into space called Sputnik in October of 1957.
The two countries get launching men and rockets into space in hopes to outdo each other and in
July of 1969 the United States puts a man on the moon..
The two superpowers realized that they would have to peacefully coexist in space as well as on
earth.
Korean War
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Korea became a divided nation with a communist north and a non-communist south
1949 both the U.S. and the Soviet Union were mostly out of Korea
The communist North Koreans tried to take over all of Korea
The United Nations voted to send in troops to fight off the invading North Koreans
The U.N. forces drove the North Koreans back to the Chinese border
China, feeling threatened gave 300,000 troops to North Korea and the U.N. was driven back to and the
North Koreans captured the South Korean capitol of Seoul
 Once again the U.N. fought back until each army was at the same place it started, the 38th Parallel
 Each country signed a ceasefire in July 1953 and is still divided today on the 38th Parallel
 Till this day Korea still remains divided
Vietnam War
 In 1956 elections were to be held to unify Vietnam.
 However the U.S. back South Vietnam government feared that the communist would gain control of
Vietnam and refused to hold the elections.
 The Viet Cong communist rebels who began to strike out at the South and Diem were supported by Ho Chi
Minh.
 The U.S. began to send troops to support Diem against the Viet Cong.
 To stop communism large numbers of American troops were sent to Vietnam.
 From 1959 to 1975 U.S. troops served in Vietnam. In 1969 500,00 troops were in Vietnam.
 The U.S. policy for sending troops to Vietnam was the fear that if Vietnam fell to the communist then all the
other countries in Southeast Asia would fall like a domino.
 South Vietnam and the U.S. were unable to stop the communist.
 In 1973 President Nixon orders a cease fire and begins pulling out troops.
 In 1975 Vietnam is turned back to the Vietnamese. (Vietnamization)
 In 1975 the communist capture all of Vietnam.
Castro
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In 1898 Cuba gained it’s independence from Spain.
Cuba then fell under U.S. influence for 60 years.
In 1952 Fulgencio Batista takes control of the government
Batista’s government is corrupt and repressive.
Fidel Castro organizes a guerrilla army to fight Batista.
Castro does the following after taking control of the country in 1959.
 Turns the country into a communist state.
 Becomes a dictator.
 Allies Cuba with the Soviet Union.
Bay of Pigs
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Cuba receives aid from the Soviets which is a direct threat to the United States.
In 1961 the United States supports Cuban nationalist who want to overthrow Castro.
The invaders are quickly defeated.
The invasion fails.
The United States imposes an embargo on Cuba.
This pushes Cuba closer to the Soviets in 1962.
Cuban Missile Crisis
 After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, that convinced the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, that the United
States might attack the communist nation of Cuba.
 On July 1962 he began to build 42 missile sites on Cuba.
 In October, an American spy plane found one of the missile bases on Cuba and the U.S. took that as a direct
threat to them.
 President Kennedy demanded the Soviets stop building missile bases or he would have to take action.
 Kennedy also announced a quarantine, or a blockade of Cuba to prevent the Soviets installing more missiles.
 Castro protest his country being used as a pawn but Cuba was already deeply involved.
 This put the Soviets and the United States on a collision course, and many people thought this would lead to
World War III, A Nuclear War.
 Fortunately, Khrushchev backed down in an agreement that the U.S. would not invade Cuba if the Soviets
dismantled their missile bases.
 The resolution of the missile crisis left Castro completely dependent on the Soviet Unions aid.
Non-aligned Nations
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There was a new group of countries during the Cold War, The Third World.
These countries vowed non-alignment or did not join either of the super powers
Two main countries that were non-aligned were India and Indonesia
1955, Indonesia held the Banding conference, Asian and African countries attended.
At the conference the formed the “Third Force”
Détente
 Widespread popular protests wracked the United States during the Vietnam War.
 As it tried to heal its internal wounds the U.S began backing the away from its policy of direct confrontation
with the Soviet Union.
 Détente was a policy of lessoned cold war tensions.
 Detente replaced brinkmanship (willingness to go to war) during the administration of President Richard M.
Nixon.
 Nixon's move toward détente grew from a philosophy known as realpolitik.
 This comes from the German word meaning “realistic politics”.
 While the U.S continued to contain the spread of communism, the two superpowers agreed to pursue détente
and to reduce its tensions.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to hold onto their power there
Found themselves stuck there just like the U.S. in Vietnam
The Afghans were supplied with U.S. weapons and hid in their mountain strongholds
U.S. had sent arms to protect the rich oil supplies in the Middle East
The war ended the policy of Détente between the US and the Soviets
After a ten-year occupation, the Soviet Union finally withdrew
Mikhail Gorbachev
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The last leader of the Soviet Union, afterward it became Russia again.
A young conservative with new ideas for the Soviet Union.
He wanted to encourage social and economic changes in the Soviet Union.
Instituted policies to create financial stability in the USSR.
Perestroika
What Is It?
 Perestroika was a policy introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia, and it was a policy of economic
restructuring.
 In 1986 Gorbachev made changes to revive the Soviet economy.
 Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed to open
small private businesses.
 Gorbachev’s goal was not to throw out communism, but to make the system more efficient and productive.
 Gorbachev’s Perestroika was more like Lenin’s system of Communism that Stalin’s system of Communism.
Glasnost
 Gorbachev's policy of "openness"; a social and economic plan that promoted the free flow of
ideas and information with the hopes of reform and progress.
Lech Walesa
 Who He Was
 In the 1980’s in Poland, economic hardships caused labor unrest.
 Led by Lech Walesa, workers organized Solidarity, and independent trade union.
 After being imprisoned for his strikes, he was released and won both the Nobel Peace Prize and his country’s
presidency.
 National hero.
 Solidarity
 Independent trade union formed in Poland in 1980.
 With millions of members, Solidarity called for political change.
 This became the main force of opposition to Communist rule in Poland.
Star Wars Defense System
 The anti-Communist president Ronald Regan took office in 1981
 He continued the U.S.’s retreat from Détente
 In 1983 he announced a program to protect America against enemy missiles (SDI- Strategic Defense
Initiative)
 He named it Star Wars after the popular movie
 It was never put into effect but raised tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union
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Cultural Exchanges: The Crusades
 Crusades
 During the Middle Ages, Europeans had only one significant unifying aspect of life. The
Catholic Church permeated every aspect of society.
 For about 200 years, Western Europe under the sway of the Catholic church attempted to
retake the Holy Land away from the Muslims. The largest target was the holy city of Jerusalem,
however, other areas were fought over, such as the city of Constantinople.
 Although the crusades were considered there were some positive effects. Europeans began to
gain an expanded view of the world. Trade increased drastically. Crusaders brought home new
fabrics, spices, and perfumes.
Saladin
∙ Respected Muslim Leader
∙Saladin united the Muslim world in the late 1100’s.
∙He was respected by both Christians and Muslims.
∙Saladin went to Jerusalem and the Christians had their mind set on stopping him.
∙Taking of Jerusalem
∙There was no Christian victory when they went to stop Saladin.
∙Crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered, but Saladin would not let his soldiers kill or harm them the Crusaders or the
people.
∙Richard the Lion-Hearted
∙King of England in 1189.
∙He wanted to take Jerusalem from Saladin.
∙Richard won a lot of victories during the Third Crusade.
∙Richards forces were unable to capture the city.
Impact of the Crusades
 Increased Trade
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Before the crusades trade with the Byzantine empire sparked interest in goods form the east
Crusaders returning from Europe brought home new fabrics, spices, and perfume
Ships used to carry crusaders now became trade ships
Both Eastern and Western economies benefited from trade
 Encouragement of Learning
 As Europeans were exposed to the Byzantine and Muslim culture they began to take interest in
learning
 They were exposed to advances in math, science, literature, art, and geographic knowledge
 Changes in the Church
 The Crusades increased the power of the pope for a short time
 Problems between Eastern and Western Churches grew after the crusader’s attack on
Constantinople
 Changes in the Feudal System
 Crusades increased the power of Monarchs
 Feudalism was weakening
 Serfs had been to pay for land using food, but now Lords demanded payment in the form of
money to finance the crusades
 An economy based on money, not land, took over
Nationalism in the Middle East
Zionism
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A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Theodor Herzl – fought for the creation of the Jewish state of Israel.
The Jews believed that Palestine was their original homeland, and that they had the rights to the land.
After the Holocaust, large numbers of Jews move into Palestine.
In 1947, the Jews get parts of Palestine and rename it Israel.
Belfour Declaration
 After WWI the British and the French controlled the Middle East.
 The Jews wanted a Jewish state while the Arabs feared the new Jews creating and economic hardship for
them.
 Britain tried to please both sides and created the Belfour Declaration
.
 Since both sides Arabs and Jews could not live together Britain decided to partition Palestine.
 Both Jews and Arabs would have land they could call their home.
 Also Jews and Arabs began to violently clash over rights to Palestine.
Creation Of Israel
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In 1947 Britain could no longer control the area and looked to the United Nations for help.
The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state.
The Jews agreed to the plan the Arabs did not.
In 1948 Britain withdrew
The Jews proclaimed Israel an independent state.
The U.S. and Soviet Union both recognized Israel as a state.
Because the Arab states did not recognize Israel, they began to attack Israel.
In 1948 the Israeli’s fought the War for Independence.
Arab forces from Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and Lebanon attacked Israel.
Israel won the war and doubled it’s land and gained one half of Jerusalem.
Israel (1950-1980)
 Cold War in the Middle East
 Under Nasser’s leadership Egypt took part in two wars against Israel.
 The Soviet Union supported Egypt and Nasser and the United States supported Egypt
 Creation of Israel
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The UN decided to split up Palestine in an Arab state and Jewish state (Israel)
Soon after Israel was formed the Arabs attacked Israel.
The Israelis forces won the first several wars.
As a result Israel nearly doubled its territory.
Between 1948-1980 nearly 2-million Jews migrated to Israel.
Israel’s Wars
 The Arab-Israeli Wars occurred between 1948 and 1979.
 1948 the War for Independence
 1958 the Suez Crisis (Israel was denied use of the Suez Canal by Egypt) Israel won.
 1967 Six Day War (Egypt and Syria attack Israel. In six days Israel takes over the Sinai Peninsula, Golan
Heights, and all of Jerusalem)
 1973 Yom Kippur (Egypt and Syria attack Israel to try to re-gain lost land) Israel holds off both
countries.
P.L.O. (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
 After the Israeli wars 700,000 Arabs/Palestinians fled to neighboring countries.
 Many Arabs had to live in camps as refugees.
 The Arabs lived in both poverty and were discriminated against by the Israeli’s
 Many terrorist groups grew out of these Arabs refugees.
 The PLO is a terrorist group that opposes the creation of Israel.
Through terrorism, the PLO aims to re-establish Palestine as a Muslim state.
The PLO is responsible for the deaths of many Israeli civilians through suicide bombings.
Yasir Arafat
 1965-2004
 Yasir Arafat led the PLO in Israel, or the Palestine Liberation Organization.
 In the 1970s-80s the PLO fought the Israeli army but it soon change to civil disobedience which put pressure
on Israel.
 In 1991 peace talks began.
 Arafat worked out a peace plan with the Prime Minister of Israel and was later awarded the Noble Prize for
it.
Intifada
 The Palestinians living in Israel were and resented Israeli rule.
 They formed the Palestine Liberation Organization, or PLO
 In 1987 Palestinians began to show their frustration in a widespread campaign of civil disobedience called
intifada, or uprising.
 They used boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers, and teenagers throwing rocks.
 This continued into the 1990s, with little progress made.
 However, the interest of the world was captured and pressure was put on Israel.
 In 1991 peace talks began Israeli and Palestinian delegates met in a series of peace talks.
Camp David Accords (1979)
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Discussion of issues between Egypt and Israel
13 days long
Signed the Camp David Accords
Ended hostilities between Israel and Egypt
Israel gave Egypt back the Sinai peninsula
Egypt the first Middle Eastern country to recognized Israel as a legitimate country
Islamic Fundamentalism
 In the 1970’s Muslims began to oppose westernization.
 They wanted to return to the Islamic ways to solve the problems of their countries.
 Iran’s Khomeini led history's first modern Islamic revolution essentially turning Iran from a modernizing
secular nation back into a Islamic state based on strict Islamic law and tradition
 Some of the impacts were.
 Banning all western books, movies and music
 Strict adherence to the Muslim religion
 Rights taken away from women
 Encouraged other Muslim countries to overthrow their governments.
Iran-Iraq War
 The war started in 1980, caused by territorial struggles between Iranians and Iraqis.
 The Iranian leader, Khomeini, encouraged Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow the secular governments in
different nations and become a unified Muslim nation.
 The Iraqis belonged to a rival Muslim sect, the Sunnis, while the Iranians were Shi’a Muslims.
 Iraq was led by Saddam Hussein, a military leader who enforced a secular government.
 The two neighboring countries fought until the UN ceasefire ended the war in 1988.
Persian Gulf War
 In 1990, Iraq invades Kuwait
 Threatens Kuwait oil industry
 The U.S. states saw Iraq as a threat to other Middle Eastern countries (Saudi Arabia) but also oil
production
 The U.S. response
 Formed a trade embargo against Iraq.
 Peacekeeping troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.
 Iraq was told to get out of Kuwait
 United nations declared war on Iraq when international economic embargo failed and the UN
Coalition won the war against Iraq
 The war served to show how globally linked the economies or the world are.
Adapted From
http://www.buffaloschools.org/SocialStudie
sDept.cfm?subpage=27738