Transcript Industrialization in Russia and Japan

Industrialization
in Russia and
Japan
AP World History
614
Setting the Stage

What is Russia’s role in the greater global
context?
– Intellectuals and politicians remain absorbed
in fascination of the west
 Political freedom, educational and scientific
advances, cultural styles
 Romanticism hits home in Russia with its
combination of folklore and nationalism
 Russian music composers begin to explore this
idiom, and contribute to the wider musical scene
Setting the Stage

Alexander I:
Supported
conservative
ideologies at the
Congress of Vienna.
Setting the Stage

Nicholas I: 1825
Decembrist uprising
by western-oriented
army officers.
– Nicholas becomes
more repressive
– Russia avoids the
wave of revolutions
which swept through
Europe during the
1830s and 1848
Setting the Stage
Russia falls behind the
west industrially.
 1854-1856 Crimean War:
fought on the Black Sea.
Western forces damaged
the Russian armies
entrenched positions.
 1855: Alexander II is
convinced that it is time
for change!

Reform under Alexander II
For two decades, Russia engages in
reform, based on Western standards.
 1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got
a piece of land they used to work.

– Creates a large labor force
– Zemstvoes: local political councils regulating
roads, schools, and other regional policies.
Literacy increases
 Increased Women’s rights

Industrialization
Trans-Siberian Railroad: connected European
Russia with the Pacific.
 Stimulated iron and coal industries.

– Export of grain to the West.
– Factories began to spring up throughout Russia.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Russian (radical) Reformers

Intelligentsia: Russian term for articulate
intellectuals as a class.
– Wanted political freedom and deep social
reform.
– Wanted a different society than that in the
west (which they saw as materialistic)

Anarchists: desired an abolition to all
forms of government.
– Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy
By the 1880’s…
Russia’s railroad network had quintupled
since 1860
 Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg
and Moscow.
 Influx of foreign interests under Count
Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance from
1892-1903.

– High tariffs to support Russian industry
– Encourage western investors
The good, the bad, and well, that’s it


The Good
By 1900, Russia surges to
#4 in the world in steel
production
Second only to the US in
petroleum production and
refining

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The Bad
Russian factories were huge,
but not up to western
technical standards
Labor force was not highly
skilled
Backwards agricultural
production system
Largely illiterate peasant
class which lacks capital
Lack of middle-class
Reformers

By the 1870’s Alexander II
is pulling back on reforms.
– Censorship, dissidents
arrested, etc.

Alexander II is
assassinated by a terrorist
bomb in 1881
– Successors continue
industrialization, but
continue political repression
as well.
– Persecution of the Jewish
minority.
 Pogroms: mass executions of
Jews
Reformers

Socialism: Marxist
doctrine spreads from
the West to Russia
– Lenin claimed that a
proletariat was developing
worldwide due to the
spread of international
capitalism, in advance of
growing industrialization.
– Bolsheviks: group of
Russian Marxists, who
formed the majority party.
Unrest
Working class unrest grows in
the cities, aided by the
undercurrents of socialism being
pushed by the intelligentsia.
 Russian workers radicalize much
more than western counterparts

– Unions, strikes
– Become interested in the “equality”
and “freedom” of Bolshevism

Russian government under
Alexander III from 1881-1894
remained stubbornly opposed to
compromise
Nicholas II
Emperor from 18941918
 The Last Imperial
Emperor of Russia
 Bad fortune was
predicted by mystics
after the Khadynka
Tragedy during his
coronation in 1896

Revolution!!
Russo-Japanese War:
1904, Japan wins
because Russia can’t
mobilize quickly.
 Unleashes massive
protest

– Brutal repression was
not well received, so
reform follows.

Creation of a national
parliament, the DUMA
Revolution!

Stolypin Reforms:
– Peasants gain greater freedom
– Peasants can buy and sell land.
– Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who owned
land and used hired labor

Nicholas II was unable to keep his
promises of reform.
– Unable to surrender the autocratic tradition
Looking Ahead!

Russia heads into WWI as
an unstable nation on the
brink of industrialization,
and plenty of social
pressure at home.
– It must fight in WWI to
preserve diplomatic ties
– It must continue to protect its
little “Slavic Brothers”
– But, the homefront is riddled
with problems…
– This will lead to one of the
greatest (as in most
influential) revolutions the
world has ever seen!
1. Compare the ways in which
industrialization manifested itself in
Japan and Russia.
2. Compare Japanese and
Russian and Latin American
independence from the West.
Japan…Setting the Stage

Tokugawa
Shogunate: Strict
isolationism in Japan.
– Feudal society
between emperor,
shogun, daimyo, and
samurai
Ban on western books
was repealed in 1720
 Schools of Dutch
studies throughout
Japan around 1850

Japan

1853: American
Commodore Matthew
Perry arrives insisting
that America gain the
right to trade with
Japan.
– 1854: He returns and
gains that right, and
gains extraterritoriality
Japan

Bureaucrats saw no other possibility than
to open Japan
– Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai.
– They appeal to the emperor (long a religious
and ceremonial figure), rather than the
shogun
– Samurai are split on their support…some want
change, others stress conservatism
Meiji Restoration
1866: Japanese Civil WarSamurai forces defeat
Shogunate forces and declare
Mutsuhito, or Meiji
(Enlightened One) the new
emperor.
 1868: Meiji Restoration-A
profound period of change in
Japan that will guide Japan to
becoming a world power into
the 20th century

The Meiji State

Abolishes feudalism
– Daimyo are replaced
by nationally
appointed prefects
(district
administrators)
Political power was
centralized
 Emperor and advisors
enact economic and
social change, quickly

Japan
Samurai travel to the West and US to
learn about economic and political reform.
 1873-1876: Meiji Ministers enact true
social revolution

– 1876: Samurai class is abolished.

Constitution in 1889 establishes the Diet,
or Parliamentary body
– Could advise government, but not control it
The New Government
Modeled after the Germans
 Emperor commanded the military directly and
directly named his ministers

– Western style clothing
– Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both
houses, and pass budgets

Japanese government thus includes centralized
Imperial Rule, combined with limited
representative bodies copied from the West
– Japan incorporated business leaders into its
governing structure, while Russia defended its
traditional social elite
Japanese Industrial Revolution

Create the conditions
necessary for
industrialization…
– New government banks
funded growing trade and
provide capital for industry
– State-built railroads spread
– Steamships connect the
islands

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Guilds and internal road
tariffs are
abolished…create a
national market
Land Reform
Japanese Industrial Revolution

Ministry of Industry
(1870)
– Maintained supervision of
foreign advisories
– Set overall economic policy
– Copied established western
practices, but adaptation
made it suitable for Japan

Zaibatsu: Huge new
industrial combines
formed as a result of
accumulation of capital.
Issues in Japanese Industrialization
Dependence on imports of Western equipment
and raw materials.
 Massive population growth

– Supply of low-cost labor fuels class tensions

Education improves
– Universal education system
– Essential traditional moral education stressing loyalty
to the Imperial House, love of country, filial piety,
respect for superiors, faith in friends, charity towards
inferiors, and respect for oneself.

Copied Western Fashion, hygiene, calendar, but
not Christianity
Japanese/Western Differences

Position of Western
Women offended the
Japanese
– Maintain inferiority of
Women in the home
Standards of
Japanese courtesy
conflict with the West
 Shintoism gains
followers throughout
this period

Japanese New Imperialism

Japan engages in imperialism at the turn of the 20th
century
– Needs natural resources
– Gives displaced samurai a way to exercise military talents

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
– Treaty of Shimonoseki: April 17, 1895
– China was forced to acknowledge the complete
independence of Korea; to cede the island of Taiwan, the
P’enghu Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula in
northeastern China to Japan and pay a large indemnity.
– Concerned that the treaty would destabilize the colonial
balance of power in East Asia, Russia, France, and
Germany then forced a revision of the Treaty of
Shimonoseki under which Japan had to renounce its
claim to Liaodong.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
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Russia’s growing
strength in East Asia due
to the construction of
Trans-Siberian Railway
threatened Japanese
interests in Manchuria
Japanese win handily by
1905
Japanese take on Korea
as protectorate in 1905
and annex Korea in 1910
Friction in Japanese Society
Clash between traditional standards and
the young, who were more interested in
western standards.
 Japan’s parliament often clashed with the
Emperor’s ministers

– Dissolve Diet, then re-elect
– Assassinations
The Antidote to Cultural Insecurity
National loyalty and devotion to the
Emperor
 Nationalism was built on traditions of
superiority, cohesion, and deference to
rulers.
 Justified sacrifice and struggle as part of
the national mission to preserve
independence and dignity in the world
