Transcript 18th Century Nationalism - Mr. Kolodinski's History Classes

18th Century
Nationalism
Germany formed
• Leader : Otto von Bismarck “Iron Chancellor”
– Realpolitik >> “Blood & Iron” speech
• Unification: Zollverein > 1848 Frankfurt Assembly > War to
gain land + unite people
– 3 Wars: Danish, Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian
• Development:
– Resources > Industrialization = Steel, Chemical
– Crush opponents + Kulturkampf v RCC (failed)
• Outcome: German Reich (Empire) created 1871
– Wilhelm II (Kaiser)
– Industrial powerhouse w/ Social Welfare programs
• Nationalism: Used to unite Germans
Italy formed
• Leaders:
– Mazzini: Young Italy 1840s
• Failed b/c French interfered
– Cavour: 1850s used war + alliances to gain land
– Garibaldi: 1860s Red Shirts (S) fight, unites
with Cavour (N) to avoid civil war
• Unification: Constitutional Monarchy 1861
– King Victor Emmanuel II
• Challenges: N (biz) v. S (agri) differences,
– RCC (Papacy) 
• Outcome:Modern Italy 1871
– Italy + Venice + Papal States > Rome is capitol
• Nationalism: Used to unite Italians
Russia & Romanov Dynasty
• Crimean War EXPOSES R weakness
– R loses v. OE + GB + F 1850s
• Tsar Alexander II = Reformer
– Emancipates serfs + Zemstvos + laws, but killed!
• Tsar Alexander III = Autocrat
– Secret Police, Censorship, Russification, Pogroms
– Industrialized >> Trans-Siberian RR
• Tsar Nicholas II = Error prone?
– Bloody Sunday > R-J War loss > Revolt 1905
– Duma created, dissolved  
Austria >> Austria-Hungary
• Hapsburg control
– Conservative!
• Multi-ethnic, national
• Francis-Joseph reign
– Limited reforms
• Dual Monarchy
– Ferenc Deak led
– Separate nations but same king
• Nationalism
– Creates Austria-Hungary but…
– Causes unrest…
Ottoman Empire
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Multi-ethnic, national
Muslims, Christians, Jews
“Sick Man of Europe” = weak!
External
– Balkan Wars
– Loses land to Russia & A-H
• Internal
– Corruption & poor leadership
– Ethnic revolts: Greeks, Serbs
1800s Nationalism
• Force for unification
– Germany & Italy
• Force for independence
– Greece, Serbia, Hungary (A-H)
• Force for division
– Austria-Hungary,Ottoman & Russian empires
• Reform or not reform
• Multi-ethnic
• Modernize or remain traditional