Transcript The New Power Balance - Doral Academy High School

I. Nationalism & the Unification
of Germany & Italy
B. Nationalism & Liberalism
1. Until 1860s: nationalism associated w/ liberalism
2. After Social Revolutions of 1848 conservative political
leaders built national identity through:
– public education
– universal military service
– colonial conquests
A. Nationalism before 1871
1. Language usually created national unity,
but…
– language & citizenship rarely coincided
– redraw boundaries of states to accommodate
culture?
C. The Unification of Italy (1860–1870)
1. By mid-19th c.: popular
sentiment for unification
– opposed by Pope & Austria
2. Austrians pushed out of n. Italy
4. united Kingdom of Italy (1860):
– headed by Victor Emmanuel
D. The Unification of Germany
German Unification
1. Until 1860s German-speaking people split into:
–
–
–
39 smaller states
western half of Austrian Empire
Prussia
2. Prussia took lead in German unity movement:
–
–
had a strong industrial base
modern army equipped latest military technology
E. Otto von Bismarck
1. During reign of Kaiser Wilhelm
I (r. 1861–88), Prussian
chancellor Otto von Bismarck
achieved final unification of
Germany through:
– Diplomacy (Realpolitik)
– Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria, Italy
Wilhelm I
When Wilhelm I of Prussia became Kaiser of
Germany...
the Second
Reich began.
Bismarck’s Eisen und Blut (“Iron & Blood”)
F. Nationalism after 1871
1. After Franco-Prussian War: all politicians
manipulated public opinion to bolster their
governments
2. Used the press & public education in order to
foster nationalistic loyalties
3. Nationalism used to justify imposition of majority
language, religion, or customs
–
Russians “Russify” its diverse ethnic populations
#1. Thesis Writing Exercise
Describe the role of nationalism
(both liberal & conservative) in
the creation of Germany before &
after 1871.
G. Justification of Imperial Conquest
1. Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
took up Charles Darwin’s ideas
of “natural selection”:
- applied to human societies
- Social Darwinism
- justified European conquest as
“survival of the fittest”
II. The Great Powers of Europe,
1871–1900
A. Germany at the Center of Europe
1. Under Bismarck, international
relations revolved around Germany
isolating France
2. Domestically, Germany used
populism to:
–
–
–
gain popular support
develop a strong sense of national
unity
Kaiser Wilhelm II (r. 1888–1918)
placed emphasis on acquiring colonies
B. The “Liberal Powers”
France:
–
–
now a 2nd-rate power in Europe
slower rate of industrialization
Great Britain:
–
–
–
–
stable government
enormously expensive empire
“Eastern Problem” of Ottomans
ignored Germany while preoccupied w/ Russia
C. Problems in Russia
1.
Ethnic diversity in Russia:
–
–
spread of Russian nationalism & language divisive
riots targeting Jews: pogroms
2.
Tsar Alexander II (1861) “emancipated” serfs…
but serfs turned into communal farmers
3.
Russian loss in Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
Tsar Alexander II
Tsar Nicholas II
a constitution & parliament (Duma)
Tsar Alexander III
#2. Thesis Writing Exercise
If the German, British, & French
peoples were strengthened by the
forces of nationalism, why did
nationalism weaken Russia &
Austria-Hungary?
II. New Technologies &
the World Economy
A. Railroads
1. 1850-1900 railroads in:
–
–
–
–
Britain
Germany
Russia
United States
– France
– Canada
– Japan
B. Steamships
1. Technological developments increased size & speed
of ocean-going vessels:
– use of iron & steel for hulls
– propellers
– efficient engines
C. Telegraph Cables
1. system of
submarine
telegraph cables
developed
D. Steel
1. inventions 18th-19th C. allowed production of
large quantities of steel at low cost
Illinois Steel Works in Joliet
Blue Steel
E. The Chemical Industry
1. 1800s brought large-scale manufacture of:
– chemicals
– synthetic dyes
– PLASTICS!
2. Germany: gov’t-funded research & universities working
w/ industries
– German chemical & explosives industries most advanced
F. Electricity
1. Electricity used to power:
– lamps, streetcars, subways,
electric motors
– created huge demand for
copper
G. World Trade & Freight
1. 1850-1913:
– world trade expanded x10
– cost of freight dropped 50-95%
2. Growth of trade between industrial economies:
– Western Europe & N. America prospered
H. Non-Industrial Areas
1. Undeveloped regions:
– dependant on the export of raw materials
2. Until WW I, exports from tropical regions high...
#1. Thesis Writing Exercise
What types of technologies changed
over time, allowing European powers
to build global empires?
II. Population Changes
A. Population & Migration
1. 1850-1914: European population explosion
2. Emigration from Europe to:
– U.S.
– Australia
– Argentina
– Canada
– New Zealand
3. “European” descent in world: 1/5 to 1/3
Total # of Emigrants 1820-1920
Country of Emigrants
Total #
Germany
5,500,000
Ireland
4,400,000
Italy
4,190,000
Russia
3,250,000
England
1,500,000
1820-1879
1880-1919
B. Why the increase?
– decrease in death rate
– improved crop yields
– grain from N. America
– year-round diet from canning & refrigeration
– urbanization
#2. Thesis Writing Exercise
What were the leading causes
of population growth during
the late 1800’s?
III. Middle-Class Women
The “Separate Sphere”
A. The Victorian Age
1. during reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901):
– ideology of family structure
– rules of behavior between men & women
2. men & women thought to belong in “separate
spheres”:
− men in workplace, women at home
Queen Victoria
A woman’s work is never done…
1. pre-electrical appliances: middle-class home
demanded lots of work
− 19th-c. tech: eliminated some tasks
2. primary duty: childbearing & raise a family
3. Gender discrimination: women excluded from most
jobs
− lack of opportunities pushed many women to volunteer
activities or join the suffrage movement
#3. Thesis Writing Exercise
Describe some of the changes
and continuities experienced by
women during the 1800s.
IV. Socialism & Labor Movements
A. Socialism
1. Intellectual movement
started by:
− Karl Marx (1818–83) &
Friedrich Engels (1820–95)
− both wrote the Communist
Manifesto (1848)
Karl Marx
The Ideas of Marx
1. Marx saw history as a social class war between…
− capitalists (bourgeoisie) & workers (proletariat)
TODAY…China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, & North Korea
#4. Thesis Writing Exercise
What were some of the social
and economic conditions during
the 1800s that led to the rise of
Socialism & Communism?