Transcript Document
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900 Chapter Eight Political Philosophies • Conservative – Protected the traditional monarchies of Europe – Usually wealthy and/or nobility • Liberal – Wanted to give more power to parliament – Wanted educated and landowners to vote – Middle class merchants and business owners • Radical – Favored drastic change for democracy for all – Government should embrace Enlightenment ideas Nationalism • What is nationalism? – The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history • What was the effect of nationalism? – Tore apart centuries-old empires – Gave rise to the nation-state – Opposed by conservatives Types of Nationalism • Unification merges culturally similar lands • separation splits off culturally distinct groups • state-building binds separate cultures into one Views of Nationalism • Nationalists use their common bond to build nation-states • Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects A Nation-state… Above all else… …defends the nation’s territory & way of life …Europe 1815: France, England, & Spain could be called nationstates Ethnic Uprisings in 1848 Numerous ethnic uprisings occurred throughout Europe Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • Austrian Empire – Empire included people from many ethnic groups – 1866 defeat to Prussia forces the split into Austria & Hungary – Still ruled by emperor Francis Joseph Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • Ottoman Empire – Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire – Conservative Turks led the genocide and deportation of thousands of Armenians in 1894-1896 – Empire ultimately falls soon after World War I Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • The Balkans – Region controlled by the Ottoman Empire • Present day Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and the former Yugoslavia • Battle of Navarino (1827) – British, French, & Russian fleet destroyed the Ottomans – Greece gained independence Radicals Change France • Demand for democratic government the main goal of the revolution of 1848 • Establishment of The Third Republic – People overturned a monarchy & est. a republic – New republican gov’t began to fall apart almost immediately • The radicals split into factions • A moderate constitution was drawn up in 1848 Radicals Change France (cont) • France Accepts a Strong Ruler – Louis-Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) won the presidential election December 1848 • Four years later took the title of Emperor Napoleon III • A majority of French voters accepted this without complaint – French were weary of instability – Louis-Napoleon’s policies • • • • • Built railroads Encouraged industrialization Promoted public works Unemployment decreased The country experienced real prosperity Reform in Russia • By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized – Society and economy based on the feudal system • By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom must end • Problem was the czar did not want to free them – It would anger the landowners – Czar needed support from landowners to stay in power Reform in Russia • Defeat Leads to Change • 1853, Czar Nicholas I wanted to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War – Industries & transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops – 1856, Russia lost the Crimean War – Nicholas II decided that Russia needed to modernize and industrialize Reform in Russia • The Reforms of Czar Alexander II – Freed the serfs in 1861 – Peasant communities received about half the farmland – Nobles kept the other half – Government paid nobles for their land • Terrorists assassinated Alexander II, 1881 – Political & social reforms stopped • Alexander III tightened control – Encouraged industrial development – Nationalism was force behind Russia’s drive toward industrial expansion Alexander II Assassination of… Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • Russian Empire After 370 years, Russian Czars begin losing control over empire – Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities with different cultures – Used the policy of “Russification” • Forcing Russian culture on all peoples • Actually strengthened ethnic cultures – Ultimately empire falls in 1917 • Due to the problems during World War I Nationalism: The Unification of Italy • Italian Unification – Italy forms from crumbling empires – 1815-1848 Italians want independence from foreign rulers • Cavour Leads Northern Italian Unification – Camillo di Cavour - Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia (1852) – Gets French help to win control of Austriancontrolled Italian land Nationalism: The Unification of Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi Brings Unity – Leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy – Known as the “Red Shirts” for their attire during battle • Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia – Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule – 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy – A Constitutional Monarchy is formed • Control of Venetia, Papal States completes unification (1870) Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi The Unification of Germany • Beginning in 1815: – 39 German states formed the German Confederation – Austria controlled the Confederation – Prussia lead the unification movement • Prussian Advantages that promotes German Unification – Mainly German population – Very powerful army – Creation of liberal constitution The Unification of Germany • Bismarck Takes Control • Prussia controlled by the Junkers – Conservative wealthy landowners – Support Prussian Wilhelm I • Otto von Bismarck named Prime Minister (1862) – Junker “realpolitik” master • Power politics without room for idealism • Based on the needs of the state • Used military force to achieve political gain Kaiser Wilhelm II Otto von Bismarck The Unification of Germany • Prussia Expands – Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces • Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia • Seven Weeks’ war – Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war – Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern German – Eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time • The Franco-Prussian War – Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans • Manufactured a political incident – Prussia defeats France • Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser – emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles • Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance A Shift in Power • Balance is Lost – In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe • • • • • Austria Prussia Britain France Russia – By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power – Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically