Transcript Revolutions of 1848 - Loudoun County Public Schools

Revolutions of
1848/Unifications of
Italy & Germany
The Effect of the Congress
of Vienna
O Very successful in restoring monarchs
O Europeans seldom turned to war
O HOWEVER…there were several
problems within countries across
Europe
O Revolutions erupted all throughout
Europe
Nationalism and a nationstate
O nationalism – the belief that one’s
greatest loyalty should NOT be to a
king or an empire but to a nation of
people who share a common culture
and history
O nation-state – independent nation of
people having a common culture and
identity
Revolutions of 1848
O As nationalism spread, riots broke out
all throughout Europe
O There was yet another revolution in
France. Are you surprised?
O nationalism will also drive states to
unite and become nations to
compete against other nation-states
O examples – Italy & Germany
Nationalism Creates Bonds
Among People
Bonds That Create a Nation State
Nationality
Belief in common ethnic ancestry
Language
Different dialects of one language; one
chosen as the “national language”
Culture
Shared way of life (food, dress,
behavior, ideals)
History
Common past; common experiences
Religion
Shared by all or most of the people
Territory
“land” that belongs to the ethnic group
Nationstate
Defends the nation’s territory and its
way of life
Represents the nation to the rest of the
world
Embodies the people and its ideals
Cavour Unites Italy
O Between 1815-1848, Italians
no longer wanted to live
under foreign rulers
O Count Camillo di Cavour –
wealthy, middle-aged
aristocrat
O
Prime Minister to the King of
Sardinia
O Sought to strengthen
Sardinia’s power by
controlling northern Italy
O In order to get control of northern
Italy, Cavour had to get rid of the
Austrians who dominated that area
O Allied with France to quickly defeat
and push out the Austrians
O Easily united northern Italy
O Begins contemplating acquiring
southern Italy
Cavour Looks South
O Secretly starts helping the nationalist
rebels in southern Italy
O Giuseppe Garibaldi – soldier who led a
small army of Italian nationalists in May
1860
O
captured Sicily
O Garibaldi united the southern areas
which he had conquered and agreed to
unite with the King of Sardinia
O With the exception of Venetia and the
Papal States, Italy was finally united
Province of Venetia &
Papal States
The last area under control
by Austria fell in 1866
O Lastly, in 1870 – Italian forces
took over the Papal States
which had been controlled
by the Roman Catholic
Church
O
O
O
The pope was allowed to
govern a section of Rome –
the Vatican City
Rome became the capital
of the united kingdom of
Italy
Challenges After
Unification
O Over the years, fierce rivalries had grown
among the different Italian provinces
O Biggest issue – industrialized north vs.
agricultural south
O
O
O
O
O
O
very different ways of life
even spoke different “versions” of Italian
Severe economic problems
Peasant revolts in the south
Strikes and riots in the north
Italy entered the 20th century as a poor
country
Besides these old
rivalries, what is
another reason why
the Italian
provinces might
have a hard time
cooperating?
German Confederation
O 1815 – there were 39
German states that formed
a loose grouping called the
German Confederation
O Two largest states:
Austro-Hungarian
Empire
1. Prussia
1.
Rise of Prussia
O mainly German population
O nationalism helped to unify Prussia
O Army = most powerful in central
Europe
O Otto von Bismarck – prime minister
O master of realpolitik – “the politics of
reality” – described tough power
politics with no room for idealism
Otto von Bismarck
O Declared that he would rule without the
consent of parliament and without a legal
budget
O
Direct violation of the constitution!
O Wanted to expand Prussia
O 1864 – formed an alliance between
Prussia and Austria-Hungary
O However, in order to get rid of its rival,
Bismarck purposely stirred up border
conflicts
Bismarck Eliminates Austria
O 1866 - Austria declared war on Prussia
O Seven Weeks’ War
O With the victory in the Seven Weeks’
War, Prussia acquired northern
Germany
O Southern Germany, heavily Catholic
populated area, hesitated to join
Protestant Prussia
O Bismarck manufactured yet another
“incident” to rally the south to his
cause of unification
Balance of Power Shifts
O 1815 - Congress
of Vienna
established 5
great powers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Britain
France
Austria
Prussia
Russia
O 1871 – Britain &
Germany = most
powerful both
militarily and
economically
O Balance of power
no longer existed