Question to Consider:

What sort of positive and negative impacts did technology have on your day yesterday?

Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

Chapters 19-21

the spinning jenny I. The Industrial Revolution • • – – – – – A rapid shift from an ECONOMY based on agriculture (farming) to one based on manufacturing (factories) Begins in Britain; factors included… Increase in food supply (potato) Leads to growing population (need jobs) Entrepreneurs have money to spend Abundant natural resources (like..?) Large supply of markets around the world

Water-powered cotton mill I. The Industrial Revolution • – Began in Cotton Industry Cottage industry – – • • Hand-made crafts at home Water-powered loom • More efficient to bring worker to loom Steam Engine (James Watt) Non-river factories  growth of cities

Rows of urban factories I. The Industrial Revolution • • – Railroads Steam-powered locomotive, rails • • • Faster transport = lower-priced goods New jobs in countryside & city Raw materials: – Factories Economic growth led to investment • • • • More sales led to more production More machines needed more workers Constant need created labor shifts Raw materials:

I. The Industrial Revolution • – Spread of Industry Nations wanted to compete with Britain’s wealth – – Spread at different rates across Europe, U.S.

• Aided by pro-industry gov’t policies Public works, infrastructure (?)

I. The Industrial Revolution • – – Social Impact • • Industry caused major urban growth • Effects of overcrowding?

Emergence of new social classes Industrial Middle Class – Owners of machines, markets Industrial Working Class – Factory workers – – Long hours, Low wages, dangerous conditions (?) Many women and young children (?)

I. The Industrial Revolution • – – – Benefits of Capitalism • Based on Enlightenment ideas of liberty, rationalism • Private property Competition encourages efficiency & productivity “survival of the fittest” • Worker free to choose his or her work Gov’t plays no role • – — — Costs of Capitalism • • Not concerned with equality continues class divisions “rich get richer, poor stay poor” • Competition pits people against each other Cooperation not efficient • Laissez-faire does not factor unemployment i.e. Great Depression

Karl Marx I. The Industrial Revolution • – Social Impact • • • Birth of Socialism Gov’t owns some means of production Utopian socialists – – Equality of all people Replace competition w/ cooperation Later socialists (Karl Marx) – – Above were impractical dreams Struggle would lead to revolution – – Dictatorship would organize society Ultimately, classless society emerges

Klemens von Metternich II. Balance of Power in Europe • – – Congress of Vienna Held by Klemens von Metternich • Austrian Foreign Minister After defeat of Napoleon – – – Goal: maintain stability of monarchy • Split up territory to balance power No monarch could become dominant • Principle of Legitimacy Lawful monarchs would be restored to power after Napoleon to create peace.

II. Balance of Power in Europe • – Conservatism • • • Philosophy based on tradition and social stability Contain the forces of change Obedience to political authority Organized religion maintains stability – • Principle of Intervention Great powers could send in armies to put down revolutions

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Liberalism – People should be as free as possible from governmental restraints – • • • • Beliefs Protection of civil liberties Religious toleration Separation of Church and State Favor governments with a constitution – • • No to democracy A middle class philosophy The lower class must be controlled

Question to Consider:

What are some examples of “American” culture? What are some characteristics of “American?”

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Nationalism – • People want to unify under a common culture Institutions, traditions, language, customs – – Political loyalty lies only with the nation Each nationality should have its own govt – • • Importance German nation w/ one government Hungarians want to be free from Austrian Empire

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Nationalism – • • Importance (cont.) Threat to balance of power created by Congress of Vienna – Conservatives fear the changes Liberalism becomes an ally of nationalism – Each group of people should have its own state: no one state should dominate another

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Unification – • Italy Northern Italy – Kingdom of Piedmont has leadership » » King Victor Emmanuel II Appoints Camillo de Cavor as P.M.

– Plays both sides in a war between France and Austria: ends up with territory in the north

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Unification – • Italy Southern Italy – Giuseppe Garibaldi » Raises army of 1,000, called the Red Shirts » Conquers Sicily, moves into the mainland » Unifies Southern Italy, gives land to Piedmont, Italian Unification is complete under King Victor Emmanuel II

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Unification – • Germany Prussia is the strongest state – Known for militarism (reliance on one’s military) – King William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as P.M.

» Tricked France into war w/Prussia; “Franco-Prussian War” » » French surrender, cede territory William became Kaiser (Caesar) of Germany

II. Balance of Power in Europe • Emergence of the Nation-State – • • What we think of as “country” or “nation” Common territorial boundary Common culture, race?

– – Result of capitalist culture (?) Most people consider themselves members of a nation-state – – Over 200 today, third less than 30 yrs old Impact of nation-state on the use of force?

Questions to Consider: Heart of Darkness

What opinion does the author have of the “criminals” (the indigenous African people)?

How might this novel have effected the public opinion of Europeans toward their governments’ policies of imperialism in Africa?

What statement do you think Conrad was trying to

make when he named this novel Heart of Darkness?

III. European Imperialism • Imperialism – The extension of a nation’s power over other lands.

• Causes – Western, capitalist states wanted new markets and raw materials • Justifications – – Social Darwinism • In struggles between nations, fit will survive • “White Man’s Burden” “Civilize” the “savage” races of world

III. European Imperialism • Direct rule vs. indirect rule – • • Direct Local rulers are removed and replaced by set of officials from ruling country Ex.: India – • • Indirect Local rulers are left in power and work for the ruling country Ex.: Dutch East Indies