Transcript Age of Revolutions

Age of Revolutions
Scientific Revolution – 1500’s
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Copernicus – heliocentric theory
Galileo – support for heliocentric theory;
telescope
Newton - used math to prove force that kept
planets in their orbit; gravity
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Scientific Revolution influences the Age of
Enlightenment
Scientific Method: experimentation and
observation
Rene Descartes – power of human reasoning;
challenged the Church’s teachings
Discovered natural laws could apply to human
behavior
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Enlightened Thinkers:
John Locke - Life, liberty, property
Thomas Hobbes - People are greedy;need
powerful gov’t
Voltaire - Freedom of speech/religion
Rousseau – Social Contract; Will of the
majority
Montesquieu - Separation of gov’t
powers
Mary Wollstonecraft – women’s rights
Enlightened Despot
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Absolute ruler who uses enlightened
ideas to reform society
Maria Theresa – improved tax system &
offered primary education
Joseph II – religious toleration &
abolished serfdom
Catherine the Great – promoted education
& religious toleration
French Revolution
Causes
1.political – absolute ruler
2. social inequality
3. economic inequality
Stages
1. Calling of Estates General
2. Reign of Terror
3. Directory Phase
4. Age of Napoleon
French Revolution
Napoleon’s achievements
1.Economic prosperity in France
2. Public School System
3. Legal code – many enlightened ideas &
religious toleration
Impact
1. Spread of democratic ideas
2. Inspired nationalism throughout
Europe and Latin America
Latin American Independence Movements
Haiti
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Mexico
Miguel Hidalgo
N. South America (Ecuador,Venezuela,
Colombia)
Simon Bolivar
Southern South America (Argentina, Chile)
Jose de San Martin
Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas
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Congress of Vienna – 1815
Goal: restore stability and order to Europe
Austria –
von Metternich
Russia – Alexander I
England –
Castlereagh
France -Talleyrand
Restore Europe to 1792
legitimacy
balance of power
Create a Concert of Europe to
maintain peace
Weaken France
Maintain equality amongst
nations
Absolutism in Czarist Russia
Maintained feudal society but gradually freed
the serfs under Alexander II
Policy of Russification – to encourage unity and
discourage nationalism of ethnic minorities
Practiced pogroms
Mexican Revolution 1910-1930
Causes
1. Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz
2. Unequal distribution of wealth
Effects
1. Constitution of 1917
2. Social reforms - libraries and schools
3. Economic nationalism – nationalized industries
4. Diego Rivera – muralist cultural nationalism
Global Nationalism
Nationalism – pride and loyalty in one’s country
Italian Unification - Cavour, Garibaldi, Mazzini
German Unification - Otto VonBismark
Unifies German states through a series of wars
1. Danish War
2. Austro-Prussian War
3. Franco-Prussian War
Zionism
goal: movement to find a Jewish state in
Palestine (1896)
Examples of Nationalist Movements
India
Indian National Congress
Goal: independence from Britain
Muslim League
Leader - Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Separate Muslim state in Pakistan (1947)
Turkey – Young Turks (1890) strengthen the Ottoman
empire; end western imperialism
Armenian Massacre – 1900’s – Muslim Turks killed over a
million Christian Armenians
Examples of Nationalist Movements
Balkans
Powder Keg of WWI
Multi-nationalist groups wanted independence
and self-rule
Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria
Economic and Social Revolutions
Agrarian Revolution
increased food production
new technology
enclosure
Result - ^ Population
Industrial Revolution – production of goods
were produced by machines instead of by hand
Began in Britain in 1750 b/c
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Location
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Labor
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Capital
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Technology
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Energy resources
Industrial Revolution
Factory system and mass production on the
assembly line
Effects of Industrial Revolution
1. laissez-faire economics
2. rise of big business
3. new class structure – middle class
4. urbanization – crowded cities, pollution
5. working conditions – long hours and low
wages
6. rise in standard of living
Competing Philosophies
Liberalism: gov’t should protect individual’s freedoms
Conservatism: little social or political change
Socialism business should be owned by everyone; end
gap between rich and poor
Marxist Socialism- Marx/Engels
Communist Manifesto
working class – proletariat - would overthrow the
capitalists - bourgeoisie
Japan and the Meiji Restoration
Tokugawa Shogunate – Commodore Matthew Perry –
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)
Meiji Restoration – strengthen Japan against the west;
modernize and industrialist
Zaibatsu – wealthy business class families in Japan
Sino-Japanese War – Japanese win! – Taiwan
Russo-Japanese Ware – Japanese win!
Manchuria/Korea
Old Imperialism
1500-1800
America, India
Imperialism
v.
New Imperialism
1870-1914
Asia and Africa
Causes
1. nationalism/social darwinism
2. militarism
3. economic motives – raw materials
4. White Man’s Burden
British in India
Jewel of British Empire
Sepoy Mutiny – 1857 – revolt against the
British forcing culture onto the Indians;
India becomes a colony of Britain
Scramble for Africa
1884 – Berlin Conference – to divide up Africa
– Africans were not invited
Zulu resistance v. British/Boers – superior
weaponry of British help to defeat the Zulus
Boer War – 1890 – British v. Boers; British
defeat Boers and took over South Africa
China
Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing 1842
extraterritoriality/ Hong Kong > Britain
Taiping Rebellion – 1850-1864 – peasants rebel
against Qin dynasty and western influence
Boxer Rebellion – 1900 – kick out foreigners; Japan
and west crushed uprising
Sun Yixian and Chinese Revolution – end foreign
domination, representative gov’t, economic security
Father of Chinese Republic
Effects of Imperialism
Short Term
1. Asians/Africans under foreign rule
2. Spread of western culture
3. Traditional political units were disrupted
Long Term
1. Western culture influenced much of the world
2. Improvement in medicine, transportation, education
3. Growth of nationalist movements