Transcript Chapter 17: The West Between the Wars 1919 – 1939

TheGreat Depression
BONUS MARCH
THREE STOOGES
SHIRLEY TEMPLE
WIZARD OF OZ
ALICE IN THE WONDERLAND
SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN
DWARFS
SUPERMAN
CHARLIE CHAPMAN
SLAPTICK COMEDY
MARX’S BROTHERS
Chapter 17: The West Between
the Wars 1919 – 1939
Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability
A. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security: Peace Settlements at the
end of WWI created border disputes among new nations and left
many Germans determined to change the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles.
- A Weak League of Nations:
President Wilson had hoped that the League of Nations could solve many of
the new conflicts, but the league was not able to maintain peace.
Reasons why the League of Nations was unsuccessful:
1.
The United States never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles and therefore
did not become a member of the League of Nations,
2. League of Nations had no way to use military force and had to rely on
economic sanctions to stop aggression
- French Demands:
• The French demanded that the Treaty of
Versailles be strictly enforced; held a tough
policy over the issue of reparations
• By 1922, Germans announced they could no
longer pay back the 33 billion dollars due to
economic problems, therefore the French
army occupied the Rhur Valley, an industrial
and mining center; the French took
reparations by operating German industries
themselves
- Inflation in Germany:
• In response to the French, German workers went on
strike; eventually the government paid them by
printing more money; this devalued the German
currency and caused inflation to go up; Result:
German mark became worthless
• Huge inflation meant the Germans suffered terribly;
led to political unrest therefore an international
commission stepped in to help; Result: The Dawes
Plan – it reduced reparation payments and
coordinated Germany’s payments with what they
could afford; the plan also loaned Germany 200
million and led to heavy American investments from
1924-1929
B. The Great Depression:
• - Causes of the Depression:
• Two main causes: 1. downturn in the
economies of nations during the second half
of the 1920s; characteristics -overproduction
and unemployment 2. collapse of the U.S.
stock market in 1929
• Germany had been borrowing money from
U.S. banks to pay reparation payments, after
the crash, American investors pulled their
money out of Germany; this weakened all
European countries
Responses to the Depression:
• Governments mismanaged the depression; they
lower wages and raise tariffs on foreign goods
• U.S. government becomes more involved in
business despite their laissez-faire tradition and
Communism and Marxist ideas become more
popular
• Depression leads many people to follow political
leaders who proposed simple solutions in return for
complete power – democratic governments were
challenged everywhere
Stock Market Crash
THE DUST BOWL IN THE GREAT
PLAINS
Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl
BANK RUNS
HOOVERVILLES
HOOVERVILLES
HOOVERVILLES
HOOVERVILLES
MIGRANT WORKERS
“ROUTE 66”
“ROUTE 66”
“ROUTE 66”
MIGRANT WORK CAMPS
BREADLINES AND SOUP
KITCHENS
BREADLINES AND SOUP
KITCHENS
BREADLINE
AL CAPONE AND SOUP
KITCHENS
“APPLE SALES”
HOBOS
HOBOS
HOBOS
HOMELESS
HOMELESS
MULLIGAN STEW
HOBO SIGNS
DORTHEA LANGE
C. Democratic States after the
War:
•
- Germany:
•
The Weimar Republic was created in 1918
but had many problems:
1. Hindenburg was elected president but was
not a strong leader
2. economic problems existed – runaway
inflation and high unemployment
France:
• After WWI, France became the strongest
power on the European continent. When
economic instability occurred in France in
1932, there was political chaos.
• 1936, Communists, Socialists, and Radicals
formed the Popular Front government; they
began programs for workers called the
French New Deal; workers were given the
right to collectively bargain – however, the
government was not able to solve the larger
problems of the depression
- Great Britain:
• 1936, economist John Maynard Keynes
argued unemployment came not from
overproduction but from a decline in
demand; he said if people went back to work,
demand would increase therefore
governments should finance projects such
as highway building to create jobs even if it
means deficit spending; his ideas were
ignored by the British
• The Conservatives come to power and bring
Britain out of the depression by using
balanced budgets and protective tariffs
United States:
• U.S. was terribly effected by the Great Depression.
By 1932-33, production had fell by 50% and 15
million people were out of work – 1932, FDR –
democrat was elected president
• Roosevelt instituted a policy called the New Deal;
under this program, the government created jobs
by funding programs of public works; FDR also
pushed through the Social Security Act
• New Deal prevented a social revolution, but did
not solve the problem of unemployment. It was
not until WWII that Americans regained full
employment
GREAT DEPRESSION VIDEO
(ST. PETERBURG
COLLEGE)
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial
Regimes
D. The Rise of Dictators:
• - between 1919 – 1939, all major countries of
Europe except France and Great Britain had
adopted a form of a dictatorship
• Totalitarian governments aimed to control all
aspects of their citizens’ lives and used mass
propaganda and modern communication to
achieve their goals.
•
- A single leader and a single party led the
totalitarian states; no individual freedoms or
limits to government power; individuals were
considered subservient to the will of the
masses and the state demands that its
citizens actively support all of its goals
E. Fascism in Italy:
• Benito Mussolini established the 1st European Fascist
government in the 1920s.
• Fascism glorifies the state above the individual; has a
strong central government and a single dictator runs the
state.
•
- Rise of Fascism:
• Italy suffered economic problems after WWI. There was a
great deal of social upheaval; many were afraid of a
communist takeover; therefore Mussolini’s movement
gained wide support.
• Mussolini formed groups of armed Fascists called
Blackshirts, who attacked socialists and strikers and
anyone who opposed the Fascists.
MUSSOLINI OF ITALY
“II DUCE”
• Mussolini appealed to national pride and demanded
Italy get more land from the peace treaties of WWI.
• By 1922, Mussolini had enough followers that he
forced King Victor Emmanuel III to make him prime
minister; as prime minister, Mussolini created a
Fascist dictatorship, added extensive powers to the
government, and was given the power to pass laws
by decree
• 1926, The Fascists outlawed all opposition; set up a
secret police called the OVRA and Mussolini was
considered the only ruler of Italy; called Il Duce “The
Leader”
The Fascist State
• Mussolini never achieved the total control
over Italy that Hitler and Stalin did in
Germany and the Soviet Union. For example
Victor Emmanuel was retained as king, the
army remained largely independent, and the
Vatican City in Rome was given
independence and Catholicism is recognized
as the state religion
F. A New Era in the Soviet Union:
• Early 1920s, millions died in Russia during a famine
caused by a drought; industrial output dropped 20%;
the country and government were on the verge of
collapse
•
- Lenin’s New Economic Policy:
• 1921, Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of
the New Economic Policy (a modified system of
capitalism); peasants could sell produce, and small
businesses could be privately owned but the
government still controlled heavy industries and
banking
• 1922, Communist created the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR). NEP saved the USSR
from economic ruin, but Communist saw it as a
temporary measure
The Rise of Stalin:
• 1924, Lenin died and a bitter struggle for power in the
Politburo (committee that controlled the policies of the
Communist party) ensued
• One faction was led by Leon Trotsky – they wanted to end
NEP, industrialize the nation at the expense of the
peasants, and spread communism to other countries – The
other faction led by Joseph Stalin rejected worldwide
communism and wanted to continue NEP while building a
socialist state.
• Stalin held the job of general secretary and had appointed
thousands of officials throughout Russia; his position
helped him gain control over the Communist Party; by
1929, he had removed all the Bolsheviks from power and
became a dictator
• Leon Trotsky was expelled and ended up in Mexico, where
he was killed, probably on Stalin’s orders
RUSSIA
LENIN
TROTSKY
STALIN
-Stalin’s Five-Year Plans:
• 1928, Stalin ended NEP and instituted the first FiveYear Plan; it set economic goals for that period; the
first emphasized industrialization and production of
capital goods; the first Five-Year Plan greatly
increased the output of heavy machinery and
production of steel and oil
• Five-Year plans took a heavy toll on the Russian
people; housing for workers was terrible; wages
declined; government dealt with these problems by
using propaganda to boost morale
• Stalin collectivized agriculture; many peasants
resisted by hoarding food and killing livestock;
Stalin responded by increasing the number of farms
in the program
- Costs of Stalin’s Programs
• 1930s, millions of Russians starved to death due to
food shortages from collectivization; those who
resisted Stalin’s programs were sent to Siberian
forced labor camps
• 1930s, Stalin conducted the Great Purge; first
purged old Bolsheviks; many were executed; other
sent to Siberia; purges spared no part of society
• Stalin overturned social legislation that had allowed
women to divorce and work outside the home
G. Authoritarian States in the West:
• similar to totalitarian states; they were concerned
with maintaining social order; they did not try to
create a new mass society that had complete control
•
- Eastern Europe:
• Parliamentary systems failed in Eastern Europe in
part because there was no tradition of democracy
and most of the peasants were illiterate; landowners
and churches feared that democracy would lead to
revolution and therefore supported authoritarian
governments to keep order; Czechoslovakia was the
only one to keep a democratic government
Spain
• 1936, General Francisco Franco used the
military to revolt against the democratic
government; civil war broke out; Germany
and Italy supported Franco;
• The Soviet Union and volunteers from other
countries supported the republican
government; Franco won the civil war and
then began an authoritarian dictatorship