Transcript Document 7133374

World History
Chapter 24
The West Between the Wars
1919 - 1939
Section 1:
The Futile Search for Stability
Objectives
• Explain why peace and prosperity
were short-lived after World War I
• Describe how a global economic
depression weakened the Western
democracies after 1929
I. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain
Security
• New Boundaries & new states
• Nations unhappy
• Border disputes in Eastern
Europe
• Germans wanted to revise the
terms of the Treaty of Versailles
A. A Weak League of Nations
• Not very effective in maintaining
peace
• Problem: Failure of the U.S. to
join the league
• Automatically weakened the
organization’s effectiveness
B. French Demands
• Desire for security
• Reparations
• 1921, German makes its first
payment
• Financial problems, unable to pay any
more
• France sends troops into the Ruhr
Valley, Germany’s chief industrial and
mining center
C. Inflation in Germany
• Germany prints more money
• This only added to the inflation (rise
in prices)
• German mark soon became
worthless
• Workers used wheelbarrows to carry
home their weekly pay
C. Inflation in Germany
• 1924, The Dawes Plan reduced
German reparations & coordinated
annual payments with its ability to pay
• $200 million dollar loan to open the
door to heavy American investment
• Brief period of prosperity (1924 1929)
D. The Treaty of Locarno
• 1925, Treaty of Locarno guaranteed
Germany’s new western borders with
France & Belgium
• New Era of European Peace
• “France & Germany Ban War
Forever”
• “Peace at Last”
• Germany joined the League of
Nations
D. The Treaty of Locarno
• Treaty based on little real
substance
• Promises were worthless without
enforcement
• Nations did not reduce their
military
II. The Great Depression
• Economic collapse, known as the
Great Depression
• Depression, a period of low
economic activity and rising
unemployment
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A. Causes of the Depression
• 1. Series of downturns in the
economies of individual nations in the
second half of the 1920’s
• Ex. Prices for farm products, esp.
wheat, were falling rapidly because of
overproduction
• 2. international financial crises
involving the U.S. stock market
A. Causes of the Depression
• Oct. 1929, the U.S. stock market
crashed, and the prices of stocks
plunged
• In a panic, U.S. investors withdrew
even more money from Germany &
other European markets
• Industrial production was declining &
unemployment was rising
B. Responses to the Depression
• Britain 1 and 4 unemployed
• 6 million Germany’s or 40% of labor force
were out of work
• Governments did not know how to deal with
the crisis
• Cut costs by lowering wages & raising
tariffs to exclude foreign goods from home
markets
• This made the economic crisis worse
During the Great Depression,
many people had to resort to
desperate measures
B. Responses to the Depression
• Increased government activity in the
economy
• Goes against Laissez faire tradition
• Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines
• Communism became more popular
• Led masses to follow political leaders
who offered simple solutions
III. Democratic States after the
War
• Women were rewarded for their
contributions to the war effort by
granting them voting rights
• Return to normalcy was difficult
A. Germany
• Germany is no longer an empire or
ruled by William II, now known as the
Weimar Republic.
• Many problems with the Republic
including no strong political leaders and
economic problems.
• The Great Depression also affects
Germany.
• *Depression led to the fear and rise of
extremist parties.
B. France
• Also affected by the depression, but
not as bad until 1932.
• This led to political chaos, six different
cabinets in 19 months.
• The Popular Front government is
formed and they start the French New
Deal.
B. France
• The French New Deal gave workers
the right to Collective bargaining,
the right of unions to negotiate a 40hour workweek, 2 week paid
vacation, min. wage.
• Popular Front’s policies fail and there
is little confidence in the political
system.
C. Great Britain
• Many of the markets are lost to US and
Japan leading to unemployment.
• John Maynard Keynes believed that the
gov’t should interfere in solving the
depression, unlike the old theory (Laissez
faire)
• Wrote General Theory of Employment,
Interest, and Money.
• He believed in Deficit spending, a belief
that the gov’t should spend money to get
out of a depression even if it means going
into debt by putting people to work.
D. The United States
• The US is hit the hardest by the
depression, more than 12 million were
unemployed in 1933.
• President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(FDR) knew the capitalist system had to
be reformed.
• His New Deal (or active gov’t
intervention) increased public works that
employed about 3 million people.
• Bridges, roads, post offices, and airports
are built because of the New Deal and its
programs like the WPA.
FDR
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D. The United States
• Social Security for the elderly and the
unemployed.
• The New Deal prevents social chaos
unlike the European nations, but does not
fix the depression.
• In 1938, more than 10 million people are
still unemployed.
• Not until War World II and the growth of
weapons industry does the US get out of
the Depression.
people standing in a
line
free food
They are out
of work and
have no
money to
buy food.
Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial
Regimes
• Objectives
• Characterize the modern totalitarian
state established by Mussolini
• Report how Stalin, the leader of the
Soviet Union, eliminated people
who threatened his power
I. The Rise of Dictators
• *Totalitarian state is a government
that aims to control the political,
economic, social, intellectual, and
cultural lives of its citizens.
• Power of the Central State
• Wanted passive obedience
• Conquer the minds & hearts of their
subjects
I. The Rise of Dictators
• Mass propaganda & modern
communication
• Single leader & a single party
• Rejected limited government power &
individual freedoms
• “collective will of the masses”
• Determined by the leader
• Active involvement of the massess
II. Fascism in Italy
• Early 1920’s, *Benito Mussolini fascist
ruler of Italy
• *Fascism, glories the state above the
individual by emphasizing the need for
a strong central government led by a
dictatorial ruler.
• People are controlled by the
government & any opposition is
suppressed
Benito Mussolini
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A. Rise of Fascism
•
•
•
•
•
Economic problems
Inflation
Industrial & agricultural workers strike
Fear of Communism & Socialism
Black-shirts, armed Fascists attacked
socialist offices & newspapers
• Used violence to break up strikes
A. Rise of Fascism
• Industrialist & large landowners supported
Mussolini’s Fascist movement
• He demanded more land for Italy
• Mussolini threatened to march on Rome, if
not given more power
• King makes Mussolini Prime Minister
• Created new laws, suspended publications,
increased police powers
A. Rise of Fascism
• By 1926, the Fascists had
outlawed all other political parties
• Mussolini now known as “Il Duce”
(eel DOO*chay), “The Leader”
B. The Fascist State
• Created a secret police, OVRA to
watch citizens, but not as savage as
Hitler’s
• Control over most media to spread
propaganda
• Used simple slogans in the media
• “Mussolini is Always Right”
• Youth groups were used to promote
ideals
B. The Fascist State
• Although the Fascists tried to make
Italian citizens disciplined, and warloving, they still kept their traditional
values
– Ex. Women were the pillars of the state,
but as homemakers and mothers.
• Mussolini never achieved the status that
Hitler did with his Germany.
– Ex. Victor Emmanuel still kept his kingship.
III. A New Era in the Soviet Union
• Lenin followed a policy of war
communism
• Peasants began to sabotage the
communist program
• Drought caused a great famine
between 1920 & 1922, 5 million lives
were lost
• Industrial output decreased to 1913
levels
A. Lenin’s New Economic Policy
• Lenin abandoned war communism in
favor of his *New Economic Policy
(NEP), a modified version of the old
capitalist system.
• Peasants allowed to sell their produce,
retail stores & small industries could be
privately owned & operated
• Heavy industry, banking & mines
remained in the hands of the
government
A. Lenin’s New Economic
Policy
• 1922, a new Communist state called
the *Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, USSR or Soviet Union was
created.
• NEP saved the Soviet Union from
complete economic disaster, but
threatened the goals of the
communism
B. The Rise of Stalin
• Lenin dies in 1924, a struggle for power
began
• Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin
• *Politburo, a committee that had become
the leading policy-making body of the
Communist Party
• Stalin used his post as general secretary of
the Politburo to gain complete control of the
Communist Party
Joseph Stalin
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B. The Rise of Stalin
• By 1929, Stalin had eliminated from the
Politburo the Bolsheviks of the
revolutionary era and had established a
dictatorship.
• Trotsky was expelled in 1927
• Murdered in 1940, probably on Stalin’s
orders
C. Five-Year Plans
• 1928, *Five-Year Plans, set of economic
goals emphasized maximum production of
capital goods (heavy machines) &
armaments
• 1928 to 1937 double & quadrupled
production
• Little provision for caring of labor force
• Housing declined, pitiful living conditions,
real wages declined, movement limited
C. Five-Year Plans
• *Collectivization, private farmers were
eliminated, government owned all of
the land while the peasants worked it.
• Strong resistance to plan, peasants
hoarded crops & killed livestock
• By 1934, 26 million farms had been
collectivized
D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs
• 10 million died in the famines of 1932
& 1933
• Those who resisted were sent into
forced labor camps in Siberia
• Purges or removals of the Old
Bolsheviks
• Put on trial and condemned to death
D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs
• Purged army officers, diplomats,
union officials, party members,
intellectuals, and numerous ordinary
citizens
• 8 million Russians were arrested
• Millions sent to forced labor camps
(Gulag) in Siberia, from which they
never returned
• Others were executed
596
They did not
have as much
power as higher
officials.
probably because
records of the
executions were
not kept, and
numbers could not
be released while
Stalin was alive
D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs
• Equal rights for women
• Divorce process easier
• Women encouraged to work outside
the home
• Family values, hard work, duty,
discipline to their children
• Divorced fathers who did not support
their children were heavily fined
IV. Authoritarian States in the
West
• Western world were not totalitarian
but were authoritarian
• Use of police powers
• Create a new kind of mass society,
but to preserve the existing social
order
A. Eastern Europe
• New states of Eastern Europe
• Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and
Hungary
• All adopted parliamentary systems,
but soon replaced by authoritarian
regimes
A. Eastern Europe
• Why did the Parliamentary systems failed in
E. Europe?
– Not used to it, a rural & agrarian society,
illiteracy, ethnic problems
• Landowners, the church, some middle class
turned to authoritarian gov’ts to keep the old
system.
• Czechoslovakia only one to maintain
political democracy.
B. Spain
• *Francisco Franco, led a revolt
against the democratic gov’t in 1936
and the Spanish Civil War began.
• Aided by Italy and German with arms,
money, and men.
• Hitler helped Franco so he could test
his air force.
Francisco Franco
B. Spain
• Spanish Republican party aided by the
Soviet Union with trucks, volunteers,
tanks, and military advisers.
• Civil War came to an end with Franco
capturing the city of Madrid in 1939 and
set up a dictatorship.
• Franco’s gov’t not a totalitarian, but an
authoritarian because it still allowed
traditional groups in people’s lives.