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CCCCIO Spring Conference Monterey, California The Evidence on Student Success in California Higher Education – What, Why, & How March 24, 2010 Presentation by: David Longanecker President, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) The Case Again for Whopping Big Change With or Without Disruption Why Whopping Big Change Is Required Total Quality Management – Continuous Improvement Booz-Allen: Stable State Management System Not a crisis management strategy Your challenge 50 percent productivity gain almost immediately Productivity gain = Quality improvement The Case for Change AASCU’s TOP ISSUES Revised The Fiscal Crisis: State Support, Tuition Policy & Prices, Student Aid Student Access & Success: Enrollment Capacity, Veterans Education, the Graduation Initiative Educational Improvement: College Readiness, Focus on Community Colleges, & Teacher Effectiveness Accountability: Data Systems and Reporting Metrics. The Case for Change AASCU’s TOP ISSUES Revised The Fiscal Crisis: State Support, Tuition Policy & Prices, Student Aid Student Access & Success: Enrollment Capacity, Veterans Education, the Graduation Initiative Educational Improvement: College Readiness, Focus on Community Colleges, & Teacher Effectiveness Accountability: Data Systems and Reporting Metrics. The Case for Change AASCU’s TOP ISSUES Revised The Fiscal Crisis: State Support, Tuition Policy & Prices, Student Aid Student Access & Success: Enrollment Capacity, Veterans Education, the Graduation Initiative Educational Improvement: College Readiness, Focus on Community Colleges, & Teacher Effectiveness Accountability: Data Systems and Reporting Metrics. The Case for Change AASCU’s TOP ISSUES Revised The Fiscal Crisis: State Support, Tuition Policy & Prices, Student Aid Student Access & Success: Enrollment Capacity, Veterans Education, the Graduation Initiative Educational Improvement: College Readiness, Focus on Community Colleges, & Teacher Effectiveness Accountability: Data Systems and Reporting Metrics. The Case for Change AASCU’s TOP ISSUES Revised The Fiscal Crisis: State Support, Tuition Policy & Prices, Student Aid Student Access & Success: Enrollment Capacity, Veterans Education, the Graduation Initiative Educational Improvement: College Readiness, Focus on Community Colleges, & Teacher Effectiveness Accountability: Data Systems and Reporting Metrics. The Case for Whopping Big Change An Emerging Perfect Storm Wave One: Our Economic Competitiveness Wave Two: Who We Are – Can We Be Competitive Wave Three: What We Have in Resources The Liberal Borrowings Knocking on the College Door (WICHE) Beyond Social Justice (WICHE) National Center for Higher Education Management Systems (NCHEMS) : www.higheredinfo.org. State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO), SHEF Report, February 2010. The Converging Waves Wave One: Our Economic Competitiveness Wave Two: Who We Are – Can We Be Competitive Wave Three: What We Have in Resources Relationship Between Educational Attainment, Personal Income, and Economic Strength $30,000 High Income, Low Educational Attainment High Income, High Educational Attainment CT State New Economy Index (2002) Top Tier Personal Income Per Capita, 2000 Middle Tier NJ Low Tier MA MD $25,000 NH VA DE CA AK NV FL OH IN $20,000 TN SC AL KY WV AR OK LA MI US WI GA OR PA NC AZ MO IA ME WY TX ID SD NM 15% 20% NY MN WA HI RI VT KS NE UT ND MS Low Income, Low Educational Attainment $15,000 IL CO 25% MT Low Income, High Educational Attainment 30% 35% Percent of Adults Age 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher Source: NCHEMS 40% 40 35 30 25 20 0 37,4 37,4 37,0 36,5 35,9 35,4 34,5 34,4 33,6 32,7 32,2 31,7 31,3 31,1 30,7 30,3 29,9 29,8 29,7 29,0 28,9 28,5 28,3 27,7 27,5 27,4 27,3 27,3 27,1 27,0 26,7 26,6 26,3 26,3 26,0 25,8 25,6 24,6 24,3 24,2 23,9 23,5 23,0 22,1 21,7 21,6 20,7 20,2 19,0 41,3 45 Massachusetts Connecticut Maryland New Jersey Colorado Virginia Vermont New Hampshire New York Minnesota Rhode Island Illinois Washington Hawaii Kansas California Nebraska North Dakota Oregon Utah Pennsylvania Georgia Maine Montana Wisconsin Delaware Florida South Dakota North Carolina Iowa Missouri Michigan Alaska Texas Ohio Arizona Idaho New Mexico South Carolina Wyoming Oklahoma Indiana Tennessee Alabama Nevada Kentucky Louisiana Arkansas Mississippi West Virginia Percent of Population Ages 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher 15 10 5 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 American Community Survey. Via NCHEMS 8 6 0 5,1 10 11,9 11,3 11,2 11,0 10,8 10,8 10,5 10,3 10,3 10,2 9,8 9,8 9,7 9,3 9,1 9,1 9,0 9,0 8,9 8,8 8,8 8,7 8,6 8,6 8,6 8,5 8,4 8,3 8,3 8,2 8,1 8,1 8,1 8,0 8,0 7,7 7,6 7,4 7,3 7,2 7,1 7,1 7,1 7,0 6,8 6,8 6,8 6,5 12 North Dakota Hawaii Wyoming Iowa South Dakota Minnesota Nebraska Washington New Hampshire Maine Wisconsin Utah Florida Idaho Vermont North Carolina New York Alaska Michigan South Carolina Delaware Oregon Rhode Island Pennsylvania Arizona Montana Kansas Ohio Mississippi Connecticut Indiana Massachusetts Colorado Illinois New Mexico California Nevada Alabama Oklahoma Missouri Virginia West Virginia Kentucky Maryland Georgia New Jersey Texas Arkansas Tennessee Louisiana 14,2 Percent of Population Ages 25-64 with an Associate Degree 16 14 4 2 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 American Community Survey. Via NCHEMS Differences in College Attainment (Associate and Higher) Between Younger and Older Adults - U.S. and OECD Countries, 2005 Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Education at a Glance 2007 Differences in College Attainment (Associate and Higher) Between Younger and Older Adults - U.S., 2005 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 ACS The White Caps on the First Wave We’ve Been A Leader But Slip-Sliding Away Losing Ground: The West, and California in particular, are the U.S. Problem Falling Internationally The Unique CCCCIO Challenges/Opportunities: Making Wave One, Wave Won With Respect to College Entry Not so bad – clear state Mission Placement has not been synchronized But underway Think Common Core Low hanging fruit – Adults With Some College But No Degree 4.4 Million – 22.7% of Adults in California Ramp up Production of High Value Certificates The Unique CCCCIO Challenges/ Opportunities: Making Wave One, Wave Won With Respect to Progression Through College Need higher thru put: More Transfer and Terminal Associate Degrees The Good News (or so it seems): Transfer and Articulation progressing Consider more aggressive remunerated coop work study programs Focus on being adult friendly – use CAEL’s ALFI assessment. Eliminate time as the enemy Less is more – a default curriculum Guaranteed curriculum if full-time/on-time The Unique CCCCIO Challenges/ Opportunities: Making Wave One, Wave Won With Respect to Completion Same/same as progression Plus: Accept legitimate Prior Learning Assessment (PLA) Better Yet: Encourages PLA Do Degree Audits & Grant Degrees Where Appropriate (Win/Win Project) Intentionally partner with non-public institutions (Yup; I mean private for and not for profit places) Triage almost demands this The Converging Waves Wave One: Our Economic Competitiveness Wave Two: Who We Are – Can We Be Competitive Wave Three: What We Have in Resources Projections of California High School Graduates California Public High School Graduates 1991-92 to 2004-05 (Actual), 2005-06 to 2021-22 (Projected) 400 000 350 000 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Public Total High School Graduation Rates - Public High School Graduates as a Percent of 9th Graders Four Years Earlier, 2006 100 80 60 40 20 0 Source: Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Opportunity Via NCHEMS College-Going Rates – First-Time Freshmen Directly Out of High School as a Percent of Recent High School Graduates, 2006 75 50 25 Arizona Idaho Utah Alaska Oregon Nevada Washington Rhode Island Texas Vermont California Arkansas Missouri West Virginia Montana Wyoming Hawaii Oklahoma Florida Ohio Iowa Illinois Wisconsin Kentucky Nation Alabama Pennsylvania Indiana Source: Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Opportunity Via NCHEMS Colorado Tennessee Delaware South Carolina Maine Nebraska New Hampshire Michigan Louisiana Maryland North Carolina Kansas Georgia Virginia New Jersey Minnesota Connecticut New Mexico South Dakota Massachusetts New York North Dakota Mississippi 0 Difference Between Whites and Next Largest Race/ Ethnic Group in Percentage of Adults Age 25-34 with an Associate Degree or Higher, 2000 40 30 20 10 0 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, PUMS (based on 2000 Census), Via NCHEMS Patterns of U.S. High School and College Participation and Completion by Age (Average Annual from 2005 to 2007) 100% Not Much Happens After the Age of 24 80% High School Participation Earn High School Diploma or Equivalent – Levels off at Age 21 We are left with 13 percent of adults with no high school diploma, and 60 percent with no college degree. 60% Undergraduate College Participation – Peaks at Age 19, Levels off at Age 30 40% Complete Undergraduate College Degree – Peaks and Levels off at Age 31 20% 0% 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Note: Includes associate and bachelor’s degrees, but not certificates. AGE Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005-07 American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Sample) The White Caps on the Second Wave Those with whom we have succeeded are declining Those with whom we have not succeeded are increasing “Average” won’t sustain us, and may not even be achievable The Unique CCCCIO Opportunities/ Challenges: Wave Two, Too, Being Won With respect to College Entry Much the same as with Wave Won Improve Placement – build on Common Core Think “Adults with some college, no degree” Market research & intention works here Think high-value certificates Even post-bachelaureate – i.e. Red Rocks PA program Demand evidence as basis for chage, but Be willing to adapt rapidly – tradition is your enemy here The Unique CCCCIO Opportunities/ Challenges: Wave Two, Too, Being Won With respect to Progression REINVENT REMEDIATION Problem is not what we call it; it’s how we do it Approaches to consider Technology blended (National Center for Academic Transformation) Replace prerequisites with co-requisites Modularized self-paced instruction Nix Learning Communities for this purpose Know thyself – get the evidence By: race/ethnicity, major, gateway courses, etc. The Unique CCCCIO Opportunities/ Challenges: Wave Two, Too, Being Won With respect to Progression Many of the same as with Wave Won Improve transfer/articulation (under way) Coop work study Adult friendly Garner greater student commitment through incentives – incentivize full-time, continuity (again, time is everyone’s enemy) Develop Cohort approach (and backup cohort) Streamline curriculum – less is more Default curriculum STEM specific curriculum The Unique CCCCIO Opportunities/ Challenges: Wave Two, Too, Being Won With respect to Completion Same As Wave Won Encourage PLA Degree Audits Partner with non-public sector institutions Reward Steps Along The Way – Momentum Points. Mine your data To prevent dropouts To re-attract recent dropouts The Converging Waves Wave One: Our Economic Competitiveness Wave Two: Who We Are – Can We Be Competitive Wave Three: What We Have in Resources Life could have been worse Public FTE Enrollment, Educational Appropriations, and Total Educational Revenue per FTE, U.S., Fiscal 1985-2010 14.0 $14,000 $12,000 $4,321 $4,108 $4,178 $4,027 $3,982 $4,116 $3,891 $4,068 $3,718 $3,760 $3,524 $3,611 $3,431 $3,360 $3,356 $3,288 $3,348 $3,278 $3,337 $3,293 $3,384 $3,428 $3,431 $3,387 $3,419 $3,375 $3,387 $3,343 $3,271 $3,230 $3,146 $3,186 $3,043 $3,082 $2,866 $2,903 $2,657 $2,691 $2,575 $2,608 $2,518 $2,550 $2,469 $2,501 $2,403 $2,434 $2,341 $2,371 $2,245 8.0 $2,274 10.0 $6,454 $6,951 $7,325 $7,195 $6,986 $6,662 $6,740 $7,211 $7,682 $7,979 $8,035 $7,961 $7,770 $7,547 $7,311 $7,227 $6,994 $6,912 $7,171 $7,607 $7,825 $7,869 $7,988 $7,993 $7,855 4.0 $8,000 $6,000 $7,479 6.0 $10,000 2.0 $4,000 $2,000 $0 0 Educational Appropriations per FTE (constant $) Net Tuition Revenue per FTE (constant $) Public FTE Enrollment (millions) Note: Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in the above figures. All figures are adjusted by SHEEO Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA). Source: SHEEO SHEF 2010. Dollars per FTE Public FTE Enrollment (millions) 12.0 Same trend; lower amounts in CA Public FTE Enrollment, Educational Appropriations and Total Educational Revenue per FTE, California, Fiscal 1985-2010 $12,000 $8,000 $1,814 $1,598 $1,445 $1,506 $1,487 $1,404 $1,230 $899 $878 $932 $1,013 $1,419 $1,445 $1,467 $1,562 $1,687 $1,649 6.0 $1,457 $1,198 $988 $917 $873 $949 $974 $949 $947 $10,000 8.0 $6,929 $4,000 $6,065 2.0 $7,393 $7,404 $7,204 $6,585 $7,095 $7,596 $8,293 $8,240 $7,773 $7,961 $8,302 $7,227 $7,132 $6,815 $6,486 $6,690 $7,546 $8,302 $7,741 $8,292 $8,534 $8,730 $7,682 4.0 $8,026 $6,000 $2,000 0 $0 Educational Appropriations per FTE (constant $) Net Tuition Revenue per FTE (constant $) Public FTE Enrollment (millions) Note: Constant 2009 dollars adjusted by SHEEO Higher Education Cost Adjustment. 2009 Educational Appropriations include ARRA funds. (HECA) Source: SSDB Dollars per FTE Public FTE Enrollment (thousands) 10.0 Revenues Per Student from Net Tuition, State, & Local Appropriations Public Research $35,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 Colorado Montana South Dakota Oregon Mississippi Louisiana Texas New Hampshire North Dakota Florida Illinois Arkansas Arizona West Virginia Ohio Nevada Oklahoma Wisconsin Utah Georgia Virginia Kansas Rhode Island Missouri Michigan Indiana Idaho Nation New Mexico Pennsylvania Maine South Carolina Washington Tennessee New Jersey Delaware Iowa California Alabama Nebraska Maryland Wyoming Kentucky Massachusetts North Carolina Vermont New York Connecticut Hawaii Minnesota Alaska $0 $9,682 $11,243 $11,620 $12,324 $12,449 $12,666 $13,121 $13,675 $14,006 $14,018 $14,777 $14,865 $15,003 $15,093 $15,125 $15,180 $15,406 $15,541 $15,568 $15,714 $15,774 $15,837 $16,057 $16,059 $16,092 $16,155 $16,172 $16,195 $16,275 $16,774 $16,974 $17,267 $17,360 $17,610 $18,537 $18,657 $18,773 $18,843 $18,989 $19,227 $19,545 $19,721 $19,783 $19,865 $20,010 $21,384 $21,640 $22,095 $23,263 $24,184 $25,000 $29,172 $30,000 $5,000 Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Finance Files; f0607_f1a and f0607_f2 Final Release Data Files. NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Institutional Characteristics File; hd2007 Final Release Data File. NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Enrollment Files; ef2006a, effy2007, and efia2007 Final Release Data Files. Via NCHEMS Revenues Per Student from Net Tuition, State, & Local Appropriations Public Masters and Baccalaureate $18,000 $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $5,105 $6,311 $7,209 $7,877 $7,964 $8,400 $8,414 $8,748 $8,846 $8,959 $9,185 $9,410 $9,622 $9,630 $9,701 $9,702 $9,933 $9,945 $9,957 $10,039 $10,162 $10,179 $10,251 $10,275 $10,312 $10,343 $10,370 $10,405 $10,464 $10,721 $10,778 $10,788 $10,836 $11,063 $11,249 $11,266 $11,284 $11,389 $11,443 $11,443 $11,862 $12,011 $12,105 $12,324 $12,929 $13,683 $14,426 $14,440 $14,587 $16,148 $17,984 $20,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 Colorado Utah Arizona South Dakota West Virginia Georgia Louisiana Oklahoma Nevada Wisconsin Nebraska Arkansas North Dakota Oregon Tennessee Indiana Texas Minnesota New Hampshire California Pennsylvania Kansas DC Missouri Idaho Nation Mississippi Ohio Kentucky South Carolina Michigan Florida New York Washington Illinois Montana Alabama Rhode Island Virginia Vermont Maine Massachusetts Maryland Iowa New Mexico New Jersey Alaska North Carolina Connecticut Hawaii Delaware Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Finance Files; f0607_f1a and f0607_f2 Final Release Data Files. NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Institutional Characteristics File; hd2007 Final Release Data File. NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Enrollment Files; ef2006a, effy2007, and efia2007 Final Release Data Files. Via NCHEMS Revenues Per Student from Net Tuition, State, & Local Appropriations Public 2-Year $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 West Virginia Kentucky Indiana Colorado South Dakota Virginia Mississippi Georgia Florida South Carolina Oklahoma New Jersey Arkansas Iowa Tennessee Louisiana Missouri Nebraska Illinois Alabama Nevada Maine Washington California Montana Nation Texas North Carolina Utah Ohio Rhode Island Arizona Minnesota North Dakota Pennsylvania Michigan Alaska New Mexico Massachusetts Idaho New Hampshire New York Oregon Kansas Vermont Connecticut Delaware Maryland Wyoming Hawaii Wisconsin $0 $3,369 $4,000 $5,297 $5,517 $5,712 $5,939 $5,945 $5,970 $6,028 $6,082 $6,353 $6,465 $6,510 $6,630 $6,676 $6,714 $6,823 $6,844 $6,895 $6,918 $7,018 $7,117 $7,222 $7,239 $7,329 $7,403 $7,416 $7,432 $7,448 $7,507 $7,509 $7,566 $7,633 $7,772 $8,044 $8,067 $8,214 $8,378 $8,411 $8,449 $8,480 $8,625 $8,705 $8,801 $8,844 $9,125 $9,953 $9,964 $10,287 $10,683 $11,197 $12,000 $14,793 $16,000 $14,000 $2,000 Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Finance Files; f0607_f1a and f0607_f2 Final Release Data Files. NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Institutional Characteristics File; hd2007 Final Release Data File. NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Enrollment Files; ef2006a, effy2007, and efia2007 Final Release Data Files. Via NCHEMS -6 -8 -10 -12 Source: NCHEMS; Don Boyd (Rockefeller Institute of Government), 2009 Via NCHEMS -10.6 -10.8 -10.9 -4 -2.1 -2.2 -2.3 -2.3 -2.4 -2.6 -2.7 -2.9 -3 -3.3 -3.5 -3.5 -3.8 -4.1 -4.6 -4.7 -4.8 -4.9 -5 -5.1 -5.2 -5.4 -5.7 -5.7 -5.8 -5.8 -6 -6.2 -6.3 -6.3 -6.7 -6.7 -6.8 -7.2 -7.4 -7.8 -8 -8.1 -8.1 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.7 -8.9 -9.1 -9.4 -9.5 -9.7 Maryland Maine Vermont New Jersey Connecticut New Hampshire Rhode Island North Dakota Wisconsin Massachusetts Michigan Wyoming California Ohio Delaware Kansas Oregon Virginia New York Minnesota West Virginia Pennsylvania Illinois Alaska Nebraska Montana United States Louisiana Indiana Hawaii Oklahoma New Mexico Missouri Kentucky Iowa South Dakota Washington Florida South Carolina Arkansas Georgia Colorado Tennessee North Carolina Idaho Utah Arizona Nevada Alabama Texas Mississippi Projected State and Local Budget Surplus (Gap) as a Percent of Revenues, 2016 0 -2 State Tax Capacity & Effort Indexed to U.S. Average State Tax Capacity (Total Taxable Resources Per Capita) 1.7 DE 1.6 1.5 1.4 CT NJ 1.3 MA AK 1.2 NH 1.1 1.0 WY MD VA CO NV IL WA NY MN CA USNE PA SD 0.9 TN 0.8 RI WI NC GA KS HI MOFL IN IA OH VT OR TX AZ ND MI UT KY SC ID NM LA AL OK WV MT AR 0.7 ME MS 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 State Tax Effort (Effective Tax Rate) Source: State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO) 1.2 1.4 Productivity: Total Funding per Degree/Certificate (Weighted*, 2006-2007) 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 29,075 30,619 33,273 33,756 34,330 34,594 36,498 37,823 38,364 38,365 39,516 39,516 39,918 42,177 42,198 42,408 42,693 42,847 42,873 42,948 43,820 44,272 44,371 45,833 45,904 46,522 46,880 47,453 47,672 47,749 48,611 49,894 52,491 52,572 52,888 53,535 54,553 56,090 56,280 56,888 56,960 59,420 59,465 63,822 64,934 65,975 66,623 72,846 75,744 79,794 86,009 100,000 Tuition and Fees State and Local 20,000 10,000 - Alaska Wyoming Delaware Rhode Island Connecticut Hawaii Massachusetts New Jersey Vermont Maryland Nevada New York Alabama Pennsylvania Maine California New Mexico Tennessee Michigan North Carolina South Carolina Texas Nebraska Indiana Ohio Nation Missouri Virginia Iowa Kentucky Oregon Minnesota Arkansas Arizona Mississippi Illinois New Hampshire Idaho Wisconsin Louisiana Georgia Kansas South Dakota Montana West Virginia Oklahoma North Dakota Utah Washington Colorado Florida Sources: SHEEO State Higher Education Finance Survey 2008; NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, *Adjusted for value of degrees in the state employment market (median earnings by degree type and level) American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples) Sources: SHEEO State Higher Education Finance Survey 2008; NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples) The White Caps on the Third Wave Prospects look bleak for much more in the short term New Normal suggests a very different future than past. Triage often sacrifices the most vulnerable The Unique CCCCIO Challenges/Opportunities: Wave Three – Show me the money With respect to Entry into College Tuition revenue, done smartly, is most of the answer Balanced by financial aid is key With respect to Progression through College Tuition and financial aid remain key Revise the rewards to focus on student success Pay only for successful remediation – regardless of modality used Pay only for completed courses -- tough love The Unique CCCCIO Challenges/Opportunities: Wave Three – Show me the money With respect to Completion Know thyself – focus on gaps, not successes Clearly articulated pathways reduce student and state costs Don’t enroll students in course that don’t articulate to their degree goals Price by priority Currently in place for resident/non-resident Why not for core vs luxury/high vs low-value Streamline programs – dropping the duds Where academic success is too low to justify Where ROI is too low to justify Outsourcing or Pairing The California story – Three Huge Converging Waves -- The Makings of A Perfect Storm Demographics present a challenge, all else being equal The finances are perilous We have been educationally competitive, which has made us economically competitive and comparative just, but: Were slipping And the good life has not been equitably distribute Creating a New Business Model – What I Hear & See Who Will Lead – Academic Leaders or Other Leaders? From the Community College “Community” ACCT: Governance Institute for Student Success. Foundations: Achieving the Dream – top down through data driven reform, and limited success to date Completion by Design – still in design ____________ -- meet the goal Creating a New Business Model – What I Hear & See TRIAGE happens, whether intentional or not. Lack of course availability Low success rates In remedial/developmental In college level coursework Particularly in STEM field And indefensibly biased by race/ethnicity Justifiable within current business model Can’t afford more courses Can’t support resources necessary for course success But unjustifiable in support of Mission So must create a new business model Is that possible? Disruptive technologies theory says no We can’t live with that Creating a New Business Model – Dave’s Nine Tenets of A New Way Evidence based – data driven Improvement imperative – Whopping big in the short term, continuous improvement, on benchmarks achieved. Well, nearly continuous improvement. Recognize periodic perturbations. Take reasonable risk & expect some failure. Creating a New Business Model – Tenets of A New Way Eliminate what can’t be done well enough. Be genius – borrow generously. Follow the CASE study approach Reward success and champions of success (make performance count for regular folk). Make this work fun We work live, not live to work. Don’t have too many tenets That’s all there is Enough Already