Transcript MULTIMEDIA - Universiti Putra Malaysia

HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET
1
Some sources
Summary of information obtained from
Websites such as:
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
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Hobbes’ Internet Timeline
What is the Internet?
History of Internet
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/
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Beginnings of
communication revolution

1836: Telegraph invented, Morse Code
developed

1858-1866: Transatlantic cables laid, allowing
direct and instantaneous communication
across the Atlantic.

1876: Telephone invented by Alexander
Graham Bell.
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Question
How is each of these inventions / developments
relevant to the development of the Internet?
Telegraph
Transatlantic cables
Telephone

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Answer (1)

Morse Code uses a system of dots and
dashes. Particular sequences of dots
and dashes represent letters of the
alphabet, much as digital
communication uses series of digits (0
and 1) based on the binary system.
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Answer (2)

Transatlantic cables today connect all
continents and are still a main hub of
telecommunications.
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Answer (3)

Telephone wires and exchanges
provide the backbone of Internet
connections today. Modems provide
Digital to Audio conversions to allow
computers to connect over the
telephone network.
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Beginnings of
Global Communication


The USSR launches Sputnik - first artificial
earth satellite, heralding the start of global
telecommunications. Satellites play an
important role in transmitting data today.
In response, the United States forms the
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) within the Department of Defense
(DoD) to establish an American lead in
science and technology applicable to the
military.
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Development of Networks
1962 - 1968

The Internet first conceived

ARPA grows into small network (ARPANET)
intended to promote the sharing of supercomputers amongst researchers in the
United States.

Technology first developed for military
purposes

First generation of networking hardware and
software designed
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Birth of the Internet
1969
First node activated at UCLA (University
of California at Los Angeles), closely
followed by nodes at Stanford Research
Institute, UCSB (University of California
at Santa Barbara) and University of Utah.
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Development of Internet (1)
1970 – 1973

ALOHANET developed at the University of
Hawaii

ARPANET becomes high-speed digital post
office for collaboration on research projects
and discussion

Number of hosts grows to 23, connecting
universities and government research
centres around the U.S.A.
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Development of Internet (2)
1970 – 1973

The InterNetworking Working Group (INWG)
becomes the first of several standardssetting entities to govern the growing
network.

Vinton Cerf is elected the first chairman of
the INWG, and later becomes known as the
‘Father of the Internet.’

ARPANET goes international with
connections to London and Norway.
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Commercialisation
of the Internet

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1974: Bolt, Beranek and Newman open
Telenet (Telnet) - first commercial version
and public data service of the ARPANET.
1974 – 1981: ARPANET moves away from
military/research roots, general public gets
first hint of how networked computers can be
used in daily life.
1976: Queen Elizabeth goes online with the
first royal email message.
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Public groups

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1979: Newsgroups and listservs are born Users from all over the world join these
discussion groups to talk about the Net,
politics, religion and thousands of other
subjects.
The first MUD (Multiuser Dungeon)
interactive multi-user sites are introduced,
making it possible for the development of
interactive adventure games, board games,
and rich and detailed databases.
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Internet language


1982: The term Internet is used for the first
time.
1982 – 1983: TCP/IP becomes the universal
language of the Internet - for the first time
the loose collection of networks that make up
the ARPANET is seen as an ‘Internet’ – a
connected set of networks (specifically those
using TCP/IP), and the Internet as we know it
today is born.
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Development of
Personal Computer industry
Mid-1980s:

A boom in the personal computer (PC)

Combination of inexpensive desktop
machines and powerful, network-ready
servers allows many companies to join the
Internet for the first time.

Corporations begin to use the Internet to
communicate with each other and with their
customers.
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Development of Names
1983 - 1984

Number of Internet hosts breaks 1,000 =>
difficult to remember exact paths

Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced.
Instead of a domain number like
123.456.789.10, it is easier to remember
something like
www.myuniversity.mydept.mynetwork.mycountry
(e.g., www.cs.cf.ac.uk).
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Development of Terms

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1984: William Gibson coins the term
cyberspace in his novel Neuromancer.
1988 - 1989:
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
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Internet Chat Relay (IRC) developed.
Privacy and security in digital world threatened
New words, such as hacker, cracker and
electronic break-in, are coined
Nov. 1, 1988: malicious programme called
"Internet Worm" unleashed, temporarily
disabling approximately 6,000 of the 60,000
Internet hosts
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Birth of the World Wide Web

1991: The World Wide Web is born
Computer code of the WWW


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has ability to combine words, pictures, sound
is first posted by Tim Berners-Lee.
1992: The term surfing the Internet is coined
by Jean Armour Polly.
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Development of
Graphical browsers (1)

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1991: A team at University of Minnesota, led
by computer programmer Mark MaCahill,
releases Gopher, the first point-and-click way
of navigating the files of the Internet. Gopher
provides user-friendly interface to the
Internet. MaCahill calls it "the first Internet
application my mom can use.“
1993: Mosaic, the first graphics-based Web
browser with a friendly interface, becomes
available.
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Development of
Graphical browsers (2)


1994: Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark form
Netscape Communications Corp. and
develop Netscape.
By 1994: The U.S. Senate and White House,
Japan's Prime Minister, the United Kingdom’s
Treasury, shopping malls and banks, and
Pizza Hut go online. On the cultural front, the
Rolling Stones broadcast the Voodoo Lounge
tour over the Internet.
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Development of
Graphical browsers (3)
1996:
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Users in almost 150 countries around
the world are now connected to the
Internet.
WWW browser war begins, fought
primarily between Netscape and
Microsoft, rushing in a new age in
software development.
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Wide applications
of the Internet

By 1994: The U.S. Senate and White
House, Japan's Prime Minister, the United
Kingdom’s Treasury, shopping malls and
banks, and Pizza Hut go online. On the
cultural front, the Rolling Stones broadcast
the Voodoo Lounge tour over the Internet.
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Continued growth
of the Internet

1997 – 2002: Statistics for July 2002 (at
http://www.netsizer.com/) show that there
are about 194.1 million hosts to date – with
two new hosts and 5 users being recorded
every second! (Running counter recording
additions in real time.)
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World Internet Usage (1)
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
World
Regions
Africa
Population
( 2004 Est.)
Internet
Usage,
( Year 2000 )
Internet
Usage,
Latest Data
User
Growth
( 20002004 )
Penetration
(%
Pop)
% of
World
893,197,200
4,514,400
12,937,100
186.6 %
1.4
1.6
3,607,499,800
114,303,000
257,898,314
125.6 %
7.1
31.7
Europe
730,894,078
103,096,093
230,886,424
124.0 %
31.6
28.4
Middle
East
258,993,600
5,284,800
17,325,900
227.8 %
6.7
2.1
6,390,147,487
360,983,512
812,931,592
125.2 %
12.7
100.0
Asia
WORLD
TOTAL
(stats obtained 2003/2004)
1 December 2004
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World Internet Usage (2)
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
World
Regions
Population
( 2004 Est.)
Internet
Usage,
( Year 2000 )
Internet
Usage,
Latest Data
User
Growth
( 20002004 )
Penetration
(%
Pop)
% of
World
North
America
325,246,100
108,096,800
222,165,659
105.5 %
68.3
27.3
Latin
America/
Caribbean
541,775,800
18,068,919
55,930,974
209.5 %
10.3
6.9
Oceania
32,540,909
7,619,500
15,787,221
107.2 %
48.5
1.9
WORLD
TOTAL
6,390,147,487
360,983,512
812,931,592
125.2 %
12.7
100.0
(stats obtained 2003/2004)
1 December 2004
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Internet Usage in Malaysia
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm
Population
( 2004 Est.)
25,581,000
Internet
Usage,
( Year 2000 )
3,700,000
(stats obtained 2003/2004)
Internet
Usage,
Latest Data
8,692,100
User
Growth
( 20002004 )
Penetration
(%
Pop)
134.9 % 34.0
% of
Users
in
Asia
3.4
1 December 2004
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ASIA
Brunei
Darussalem
Population
( 2009 Est.)
Internet
Users,
(Year 2000)
Penetrati
Internet
User
on
Users,
Growth
(%
Latest Data
( 2000Populati
(Dec 2009)
2009 )
on)
388,190
30,000
217,000
1,338,612,968
22,500,000
384,000,000
7,055,071
2,283,000
4,878,713
69.2 %
113.7 %
Japan
127,078,679
47,080,000
95,979,000
75.5 %
103.9 % 12.6 %
Korea,
South
48,508,972
19,040,000
37,475,800
77.3 %
96.8 %
4.9 %
559,846
60,000
259,000
46.3 %
331.7 %
0.0 %
25,715,819
3,700,000
16,902,600
65.7 %
356.8 %
2.2 %
4,657,542
1,200,000
3,370,000
72.4 %
180.8 %
0.4 %
Taiwan
22,974,347
6,260,000
15,143,000
65.9 %
141.9 %
2.0 %
Thailand
65,998,436
2,300,000
16,100,000
24.4 %
600.0 %
2.1 %
Vietnam
88,576,758
200,000
22,779,887
25.7 %
11,289.9
%
3.0 %
3,808,070,503 114,304,000
764,435,900
20.1 %
China *
Hong Kong
*
Macao *
Malaysia
Singapore
TOTAL ASIA
55.9 %
623.3 %
Users
(%)
in Asia
0.0 %
28.7 % 1,606.7 % 50.2 %
0.6 %
568.8 % 100.0 %
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COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST
NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS
#
Country or Region
% World Users
1
United States
25.3 %
2
China
10.9 %
3
Japan
8.3 %
4
Germany
5.9 %
5
United Kingdom
4.4 %
6
Korea (South)
3.8 %
11
India
2.3%
18
Malaysia
1.1%
19
Indonesia
1.0%
(stats obtained 2003/2004)
1 December 2004
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Additional slides
How does the evolution of
the Internet impact on
language and
communication?
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Early Internet – Gopher-based
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Computer-Assisted Language Learning
(CALL)
Drill and Practice on discrete items
(Objective format)
Text-based (electronic page turner?)
Spell and Style Checkers
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1st Generation WWW
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Multimedia
Various font styles
Colours
Layouts
Sounds
Animation
Hypertexts
How does this
influence
language use?
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2nd Generation Web
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Ability to incorporate Flash
PDF (Portable Document Format) files
Streaming audio
Streaming video
Posting of Power Point files
Improved interactivity
Synchronous and asynchronous
communication
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Web pages become highly
“fleeting, dynamic,
multilayered, multifragmented, and hybridized”
(Squire, 2005)
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3rd Generation Web
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Three-dimensional (depth, height and
breadth)
Televisual and cinematic effect
Fast download through broadband
infrastructure
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Consider applications and
communication tools made
possible by the Internet and
the WWW. Compare the
language used in the different
applications.
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Examples:
1. E-mails
2. ICQ / IRC
3. Electronic Bulletin Board
4. Weblog
5. Wiki
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