Transcript Dr. Ranette Halverson Department of Computer Science

Dr. Ranette Halverson
Department of Computer
Science
History of the Internet
1962 - Today
Before Internet

Million dollar mainframes
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Systems were stand-alone
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NO personal computers
Terminals
Few Standards – No Compatibility
Hardware
 Software
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Sharing?
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Reel-to-reel tapes
Before Internet
IBM 360 - 1964
Development of the Internet
From 2 directions
 Top Down
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Globally From Location to
Location
Bottom Up
Networking Within a Location
 Not personal computers

Which one came first??
Development of the Internet
Technical Issues
 Hardware
Networking
 Wires?
 *Dr. Passos*
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Software
Compatibility
 Few Standards

Xerox Alto
The First Inspiration
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1962: Licklider MIT Scientist
“galactic network”computer to
computer
J. C. R. Licklider
U.S. Defense Department

1968: ARPANET Proposed
 Requested bids – Rand Corp.
 Goals:
 Work
even if damaged
 Share information
 Each
site bought same
computer – no standards
First “internet”
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1969: ARPANET went online
4 computer systems
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In California & Utah
Restricted: Universities,
Defense Research Centers
Growth of Arpanet
1973: International defense
sites in England and Norway
 1981: 213 Computers
 1983: 1,000 Computers
 1987: 10,000 Computers

Political Developments
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1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET
from Military – MILNET
NSF had supervision of
ARPANET
1983: Internet protocols went
online
Email

1971: Ray Tomlinson

Arpanet Project: SNDMSG
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
Send messages between users on a single
computer
First email

Through Arpanet, between 2 computers
sitting side-by-side
Used the @
 2 years later

75% of Arpanet traffic was email
 Not available otherwise

Internet Before WWW

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Arpanet - goal was resource sharing
 FTP, Telnet: had to know location
of information
 Required log-in, access rights
Groups
 Dial-ups
 Bulletin Boards, Discussion
Groups, Etc.
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WWW – The Pieces

Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s

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Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper
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Hypertext
Ted Nelson: Xanadu System
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mouse + on-line system
Computer Lib/Dream Machines
Hypertext: forms of writing which
branch or perform on request; they are
best presented on computer display
screens
Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s
Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987
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WWW - Finally
1989 –WWW Protocols

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Tim Berners-Lee @ CERN
 European particle physics lab
 Swiss-French border
 First Web Site
Features and Goals
 A shared information space,
inclusion
 Across platforms
 URL- Uniform Resource Locator
 To avoid database restrictions
 HTTP- to replace FTP
 HTML
15
WWW – The Early Years

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Slow Start - few but CERN
supported
Hard to program links
Just a few browsers Lynx
& Viola
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Acceptable Use Policy –
NSF - 1990

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NSFnet: 1988 – 1995
“NSF backbone services are
provided to support open research
& education in and among US
research and instructional
institutions, plus research arms of
for-profit firms when engaged in
open scholarly communication &
research. Use for other purposes
is not acceptable.”
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Acceptable Use Policy –
NSF – 1990
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Allowed “announcements of new
products or activities… but not
advertising of any kind”
Allowed “communication
incidental to otherwise
acceptable use, except for illegal
or specifically unacceptable use”
Unacceptable: “Extensive use for
private or personal use”
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Growth of Internet
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By 1992 – restrictions lifted
Jan. 1992 – one trillion
bytes/month
Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion bytes/month
1995 – NSF net “dissolved”
 Structure for commercialization
was already there
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ARPANET and Internet
William Wulf, May 1993:
“I don’t think any of us know
where this is going anymore, …
but there’s something exciting
happening, and it’s big.”
-Former DEC Engineer
-NSF in late 1980’s
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Congress’ Vision of Internet
Opposite of what happened
 High-speed government n.w. for
research & education
 Researchers would pay for use
 Telecommunications companies
would build and charge
So, how did we get here?!?
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Browsers

Mosaic January 1993
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Netscape Navigator
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Released over the Internet
Used Mouse, hypercard
Links in different color
Seamless integration of text and graphics
Re-written for Windows and Macintosh
Clark & Andreessen
Netscape Communications Corp
1995 – Public release of stock
 $28  $58 (day 1)  $150
Internet Explorer, Mozilla
1990’s – Time of Great Change
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Early1990’s – mostly universities
1995: NSF lost funding - ban on
commercial use gone
Today: No Central Control
Volunteer Groups: like WWW
Consortium- etc. established
standards
Thank You!
QUESTIONS?