Transcript The Internet

The Internet
Definition of Internet
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Federal Networking Council (FNC) – Oct. 24, 1995
“Internet” refers to the global information system that:
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Logically linked IP addresses
Supports communications using TCP/IP
Provides services publicly and privately
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Simple version:
“The Internet is a global system of networked computers together
with their users and data.”
“Network of Networks”
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Internet = inter-networked networks
History of Internet
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1957 USSR launches Sputnik
1958 US forms ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
within DOD (Dept. of Defense) to establish US lead in military
science and technology
1961
 Len Kleinrock at MIT writes first paper on packet-switching theory
 Packet-switching is developed by Paul Baran and Donald Davies
at Rand Corp.
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
1963 President Kennedy is assassinated
1964 The Beatles come to America
History of Internet – cont.
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1965 Ted Nelson gives ACM presentation called “A File Structure
for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate”
 Concept was called “docuverse,” used term “hypertext”
 Never had a working model
1968 ARPA mails out 140 requests for proposals to prospective
contractor to build first 4 IMPs (Interface Message Processors)
1969
 Apollo 11 – Neil Armstrong is first man to walk on moon 7/20/69
 Original Woodstock is held at Max Yasgar’s farm in NY 8/15/69
History of Internet – cont.
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1969 (cont.)
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ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
is created by BBN (Bolt, Beranek, and Newman) for DOD
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Goals:
 Maintain communications in the event of attack
 Enable researchers to share “supercomputing” power
4 nodes (hosts) initially:
 Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
 University of Utah
 University of California Los Angles (UCLA)
 University of California Santa Barbara
Later ARPANET is known as Internet
History of Internet – cont.
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1969 (cont.)
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ARPANET (cont.)
Features:
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“Open architecture’
Allowed sharing of resources
Facilitated communications
Designed to withstand damage
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1970’s
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LANs become prevalent
 ARPANET is used by military, universities, larger companies
– not by general population
 Beatles break up
1971 Michael Hart begins Project Gutenberg
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History of Internet – cont.
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1972
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ARPANET nodes increase to 23; becomes international
Email is introduced by Ray Tomlinson at BBN; he uses the
@ symbol to distinguish between the sender’s name and
the network name in the address
Telnet specification for terminal emulation: allows a user at
a remote computer to log on to another computer over a
network and enter commands at a prompt as if they were
directly connected to the remote computer
History of Internet – cont.
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1973
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol) specification was developed;
allows users to log onto a remote computer, list the files on
that computer, and download files from that computer
Pink Floyd releases Dark Side of the Moon
1976
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Queen Elizabeth sends her first email and is the first state
leader to do so
Pres. Candidate Jimmy Carter and running mate Walter
Mondale use email to plan events
UUCP (Unix to Unix CoPy) is developed and distributed
with Unix – allowed file transfer and remote command
execution
History of Internet – cont.
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1977
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Apple Computer popularized personal computing;
sneakernet is used to share info
Saturday Night Fever becomes best-selling album
1979
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USENET (User Network) is developed – newsgroups
emerged from this; first connection was between Duke and
Univ. of NC at Chapel Hill
First walkman is made available by Sony
History of Internet – cont.
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1980
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CSNET (Computer Science Network) is created – connects
US university CS departments; joins ARPANET in 1981
John Lennon is murdered in front of his apt in NYC
(12/8/80)
USA beats USSR in ice hockey
1981
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BITNET (Because It’s Time Network) connects City Univ of
NY and Yale; mailing lists originate from this
History of Internet – cont.
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1981 (cont.)
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IBM introduces the IBM personal computer
MTV launches its music video channel providing
commercials for songs
1982
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“Internet” is used for the first time
Scott Fahlman starts the smiley culture by using :-) to
suggest emotions in emails (9/19/1982)
http://research.microsoft.com/~mbj/smiley/smiley.html
History of Internet – cont.
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1983
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CDs start to appear on store shelves
TCP/IP is required for all ARPANET hosts
 TCP/IP – rules for how networks making up the
ARPANET communicate
 No charge; open system – all computers are now
“speaking the same language”
 Allowed growth; central administration not necessary
History of Internet – cont.
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1984
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DNS (Domain Name System) is established with network
addresses identified by extensions like .com, .edu, .org;
developed by Sun Microsystems
“Neuromancer” by William Gibson is published introducing
the term “cyberspace”
1985
NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) is formed to
connect the NSF’s 5 super-computing centers
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1987
CDs outsell records
History of Internet – cont.
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1988
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1989
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Virus called the Internet Worm was written by Robert
Morris, a grad student at Cornell, and temporarily shuts
down 10% of Internet hosts
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is developed by Jarkko Oikarinen;
provided real-time chatting
NSF takes over control of ARPANET
Hosts on Internet > 100,000
1990
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Archie, an archive of FTP sites, is created
History of Internet – cont.
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1991
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Gopher is developed at Univ of Minnesota; allows you to
“go for” files using menu-based system
NSF decides Internet should not only be used for
educational entities
WWW – Tim Berners-Lee at CERN
1992
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WWW publicly available
US Rep Rick Boucher from VA authors law which allows
first commercial traffic on Internet
History of Internet – cont.
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1993
Mosaic
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Released by Marc Andreessen and several other students at
the Univ of Illinois
first Web browser to provide easy-to-use point and click GUI
Sometimes called NCSA Mosaic (National Center for
Supercomputing Applications)
Becomes primary navigating tool for the WWW which
accounts for 1% of Internet traffic
1994
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Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark form Netscape
Communications and release Netscape Navigator
White House launches www.whitehouse.gov
Commercial sites are coming on-line; spamming starts
History of Internet – cont.
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1994 (cont)
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David Filo and Jerry Yang start Yahoo! as “Jerry Yang’s
Guide to the WWW”
Tim Berners-Lee starts W3C: an organization dedicated to
developing technologies for the WWW
1995
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Vatican launches its Website: www.vatican.va
Java programming language is developed by Sun
Microsystems
CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy provide dial-up
Internet access
Browser wars begin as Microsoft introduces MIE in summer
of 1995
Jeff Bezos launches Amazon
History of Internet – cont.
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1996
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Approx 45 million people are using the Internet with about
30 million in North America
Browser wars continue – two most powerful are left:
Netscape and MIE
Plug-ins and helper applications emerge for multimedia
eBay is launched
Free speech issues are addressed; an attempt to regulate
content on the Internet is termed an affront to the First
Amendment (06/1996)
ICQ, AIM, MSN Messenger provides Instant Messaging
History of Internet – cont.
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1997
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MIE is integrated into the desktop
Internet traffic records are broken on 07/08/1997 when the
NASA Website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on
Mars (46 million hits)
Princess Diana dies in car crash; Elton John’s musical
tribute to her, Candle in the Wind, is best selling single of
all time
History of Internet – cont.
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1998
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Netscape Navigator source code is released
Google is launched; uses links to assess a site’s popularity
(09/27/2005)
Consumers over the age of 30 purchase more music than
those under 30 for the first time ever
1999
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Northeastern student Shawn Fanning creates Napster, an
application that allows sharing music files
The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150
million (beginning of 1999); more than 50% in the US
David Bowie’s newest album becomes the first by a major
artist to be made available by Internet download
History of Internet – cont.
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2000
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2002
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Dotcom bust – Internet bubble bursts
Music file sharing is very popular at sites like MP3.com
using Napster software
Love Bug virus
Napster folds when the court rules that the company is
violating copyright laws
2003
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CAN-SPAM Act is signed by Pres. Bush
Spam accounts for about 50% of all emails
Apple introduces Apple iTunes Music Store offering 99 cent
downloads