N. Nilgün Çokça

Hacettepe University Department of Economics Ankara- Turkey

[email protected]

http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~ncokca

1957

 Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite.

1958

  President Eisenhower reacts by forming two government agencies to advance space technologies, weapons, and communication systems. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are established.

1969

 The first ARPANET connections are made. Nodes (hosts) are set as 516 minicomputer with 12K memory, set with 50 kbps lines, which AT&T provides.     Node 1: UCLA (September) Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (October) Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) (November) Node 4: University of Utah (December)

1970

 ARPANET hosts start using NCP, or Network Control Protocol, further developing the first host-to-host protocol.

1972

 Ray Tomlinson modifies his email program for ARPANET and quickly gains popularity. Initially there were some variations of the program, but the "@" was finally chosen as the standard.

1973

  ARPA changes its name to DARPA ARPANET makes its first international connection to

the University College of London (England) and the

Royal Establishment in Norway (NORSAR).

1975

 Satellite links across two oceans to Hawaii and UK are formed, and the first TCP tests are layered over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL.

1976

 Queen Elizabeth II makes early network history by sending an email announcing that the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in Malvern, is available on the ARPANET system.

1980

   Due to virus ARPANET comes to a complete halt. ARPANET has 213 hosts, with a new host added approximately once every 20 days.

The system serves as a cooperative network between the City University of New York and Yale. The low-cost network later expands throughout United States and to overseas.

1982

 DCA (Defense Communication Agency) and DARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) and the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP for ARPANET.  DOD also declares TCP/IP as a standard.

1984

 Domain Name System or DNS is introduced to identify the type of institution which represents the host

1988

 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is developed by Jarkko Oikarinen.

1991





 

WAIS , invented by Brewster Kahle, is released by

Thinking Machines Corporation.

Gopher

is introduced by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the University of Minnesota. World-Wide Web (WWW) is released by CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.

British researcher, Tim Berner-Lee creates

HTML

The web as we know it is born!

1992

 World Bank comes on-line  The term " surfing the Internet " is coined by Jean Armour Polly

1993

 US White House (http://www.whitehouse.gov), and United Nations (UN) comes on-line  Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI)



1993 Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web renamed to “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”

1995

 Alta Vista  Amazon.com

 eBay

1996

 The browser wars begin. Netscape and Microsoft go head-to-head, intensively developing and releasing upgrades to their browsers  Macromedia Flash 1.0 launches to add interactive animation to webpages.

1998

 Google

1999

 Napster, The peer-to-peer software enables internet users to swap MP3 music files stored on their computers and to find each other through a central directory.

2000

 Fixed wireless, high-speed Internet technology is now seen as a viable alternative to copper and fiber optic lines placed in the ground.

2004

  Facebook Flickr

2005

 Youtube

2006

 Twitter  There are an estimated 92 million Web sites online 2007  1.114 billion people use the Internet according to Internet World Stats 2009  Actor Ashton Kutcher becomes the first person on Twitter to have a million followers subscribing to his 'tweets'.

The Internet is usually described as a three-level hierarchy.

Local Area Network Wide Area Networks Backbones

USA Hakkari Banks

Student Houes

Home Users Iraq Russia

INTERNET

Deans’ Office

Sinop Department of Economics

LAN Faculty of Law

METU 10.50.56.254

WAN

İstanbul High Schools

Backbone

Germany Japan

 “An internet is a network of networks” says Kevin Hughes  The term was coined for the ARPANET to describe a collection of different networks that all used TCP/IP.

 Internet Society described “a way to communicate and share resources”

Probably the most frequent use is e-mail. After that are file transfer and remote login (login into a computer that is running some where else on the Internet). The short answer is "no one". There are now a large number of backbone and mid-level networks in other countries.

  IP Address Internet Protocol  193.140.216.8

Domain Name  www.hacettepe.edu.tr

Berkeley Unix command to set and get the application level name used by the host: Com Edu Org Gov     Commercial Education Organizations Government Co Ac Mil Net     Commercial Education Military Network

 Optical Fibre  Ethernet  Modem  Internal  External  Wireless

 Electronic Mail    Pine Outlook Express Eudora  Browser  Internet Explorer     Chrome Safari Mozilla Opera  File Transfer  CuteFtp  AceFtp  Web Creators     Front Page Hot Dog CoffeeCup PHP Designer  Instant Messaging  ICQ    MSN Messenger Yahoo Messenger Skype  Conferencing   NetMeeting IConfKit

:-) :(((( :-O LOL

   

happy very sorry uh-oh Laughing Out Loud

Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online.

         

Do unto others as you'd have others do unto you Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life Know where you are in cyberspace Respect other people's time and bandwidth Make yourself look good online Share expert knowledge Help keep flame wars under control Respect other people's privacy Don't abuse your power Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

 Historically, Internet and internet have had different meanings, with internet meaning “an interconnected set of distinct networks,” and Internet referring to the world-wide, publicly available IP internet.  Some people use the lower-case term as a medium (like radio or newspaper, e.g. I've found it on the internet), and first letter capitalized as the global network.

 Search Engines:  www.google.com

  www.bing.com

www.yahoo.com

 Economic Sites  economics.about.com

 econlinks.com

 Rules of using internet   www.albion.com

www.safekids.com