Transcript Internet and New Technologies

The Internet and New
Technologies:
The Media Converge
Chapter 9
“As governments, corporations, and
public and private interests vie to shape
the Internet so it suits their needs, the
questions of who will have access to it
and who will control it are taking on
more urgency.”
The Internet’s Early History
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Military function
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Developed by U.S. Defense Department in 1958
during Cold War struggles with Russia
Designed to develop and test technological
innovations
Civic roots
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Connected large research companies and several
universities
Called ARPAnet or “the Net”
Early Functions of the Internet
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E-mail
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Developed by Ray Tomlinson
Enabled researchers to communicate
Bulletin boards
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Posted information on particular topics like
health, technology, or employment services
The Net Widens
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Microprocessors
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Fiber-optic cable
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Developed in 1971
Enabled the development of first personal
computers
Developed in mid-1980s
Enabled rapid data transmission
ARPAnet ends in 1990
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NSF allows commercial activity on network in 1991
Web 1.0
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Developed in late 1980s
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Tim Berners-Lee of Switzerland
Used HTML (HypterText Markup Language)
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Allowed computers using different operating
systems to communicate
Enabled Web browsers to help users navigate
easily
Web 2.0
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Encouraged media convergence
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Different types of content coming together
Includes features like
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Instant messaging (Skype, Gchat, iChat)
Social networking sites (Facebook, Xanga)
Blogs (Talking Points Memo, TMZ)
Wikis (Wikipedia, WikiMapia)
8 NEWS STORIES THAT BROKE ON SOCIAL MEDIA
George Zimmerman Verdict
Boston Bombings
Edward Snowden Story
Osama Bin Laden’s Death
Whitney Houston’s Death
Egyptian Uprising
Hurricane Sandy Damage
Hudson River Plane Crash
49.1%
of people have heard breaking news on
social media that turned out to be FALSE!
Web 3.0
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Changes cannot always be predicted
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How content will be consumed, paid for and
distributed is uncertain
Promises new innovations
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Greater bandwidth for faster, more graphically
rich 3-D applications
Layered databases
More personalized, or targeted, content
More mobile connectivity and convergence
Money In, Money Out
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Internet service providers (ISPs)
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Web browsers
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Microsoft, Apple, Google major players
Internet Explorer dominant
Directories and search engines
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Broadband edging out dial-up
AOL loses monopoly
Yahoo! early innovator, Google now dominates
E-mail
Web Advertising
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Early roots
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Display ads placed on Web pages
Not very profitable
Today
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“Sponsored links” on search engines: advertisers
pay for each click-through
Social networking sites send users targeted ads
by sifting information from search terms, e-mails,
profile information
The Noncommercial Web
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Open-source software
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Source code can be updated by anyone
Linux
Digital archiving
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Internet Archive: text, moving images, audio,
software, Web pages
Open Content Alliance: all books in public
domain, focus on collective ownership of public
resources
Google Book Program: commercial competitor
Security and Appropriateness
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Information security
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Government surveillance
Online fraud
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Unethical data gathering
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Cookies, spyware
Online predators
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Phishing
Use Internet to meet potential victims
What should be online?
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Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000
Closing the Digital Divide
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Access increasing among some groups
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Many individuals still lack access to Internet:
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Older Americans
Less educated citizens
Lower-income citizens
People in developing countries
Efforts to remedy include:
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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Wi-Fi
Ownership and Customization
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Commercial growth has outpaced nonprofits
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Defenders of the Digital Age
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Large corporations have gained much control
Makes life more enjoyable
Mass customization inspires creativity
Others want to regulate the Net
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Commercial interests have too much control
Information determined, limited, controlled by
corporate interests