Transcript 溝通策略
溝通策略 communicative Strategy 林淑慧 Selinker 1972, Interlanguage – Strategies of second language communication Tarone 1977, – Providing the first definition and taxonomy Definitions a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when face with some difficulty – Corder,1977 a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared – Tarone,1980 Definitions potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal – Faerch and Kasper,1983a techniques of coping with difficulties in communicating in an imperfectly known second language Definitions Problematicity Consciousness Intentionality 高海虹2000 學習者在對第二語言或外語掌握有限的 情況下，為達到交際目的，彌補其語法 或詞彙知識貧乏而採用的方法 （Paribakht 1985, Corder 1983, Faerch & Kasper 1983） Language use processes strategies communication learning Tarone 1977 Avoidance – Topic – Massage abandonment Paraphrase – Approximation – Word coinage – circumlocution Conscious transfer – Literal translation – Language switch Appeal for assistance Mime Dörnyei & Scott 1995 Direct Resource deficit-related – Massage abandonment, reduction, replacement – Circumlocution – Approximation – Use of all-purpose words – Word-coinage – Restructuring Dörnyei & Scott 1995 Resource deficit-related – Literal translation – Foreignizing – Code switching – Use of similar sounding words – Mumbling – Omission – Retrieval – Mime Dörnyei & Scott 1995 Own-performance problem-relate – Self-rephrasing – Self-repair Other-performance problem-relate – Other-repair Dörnyei & Scott 1995 Interaction Resource deficit-related – Appeals for help Own-performance problem-relate – Comprehension check – Own-accuracy check Dörnyei & Scott 1995 Other-performance problem-relate – Asking for repetition, clarification, confirmation – Guessing – Expressing nonunderstanding – Interpretive summary – response Dörnyei & Scott 1995 Indirect Processing time pressure-related – Use of fillers – Repetitions Own-performance problem-relate – Verbal strategy markers Other-performance problem-relate – Feigning understanding Reference Zoltá:n Dörnyei & Mary Lee Scott , 1997, communication strategies in a second language: Definition and Taxonomies, Language Learning v47 p173-210 Ellen Bialystok, 1990, Communication Strategies, A Psychological Analysis of SecondLanguage Use Elain Tarone, 1980, Communication strategies, Foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage, Language Learning Reference 高海虹, 2000, 交際策略能力研究報告── 觀念與運用, 外語教學與研究 v32:1, p53-58 H. Douglas Brown（余光雄譯）,2005, 第二語教學最高指導原則, longman