Transcript AP World History Chapter 26

AP World History
Chapter 26
The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic
Heartlands and Qing China
Ottoman Empire
Results of Ottoman Decline
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Austrian Habsburgs
Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans
Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea
Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans
Greeks, independent, 1830
Serbia, 1867
Reforms of Ottoman Empire
Selim III
• Reforms anger Janissaries
• 1807, deposed, assassinated
Mahmud II
• Professional army
• Replaces Janissaries, 1826
• Reforms: “Tanzimat Reforms”
• Universities built on Western models
• Railways and industrialization
• 1876, European-style constitution
Ottoman Repression and Revolts
Barriers to Reform
• Sultanate, ulama, ayan
Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)
• Turns to despotic absolutism for control
• He continues work on infrastructure
Young Turks
• Remove Abdul Hamid, continue infrastructure
• Arabs push for independence
Ottoman Bankruptcy
and European Intervention
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End of Reforms.
Ayans make lots of money exploiting the poor.
Cotton is the export crop.
Suez Canal open in 1869.
British intervene to stabilize Khedive rulers.
Khedive rulers puppets to the British.
Revolts to British Imperialism
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Mahdi camel riders revolt.
British can’t control the nomadic camel riders.
Jihad called against British and their puppets.
Lord Kitchner sent in and he crushes the uprisings.
Qing Empire (Manchu)
Qing Reforms
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Rural farm burdens lifted.
Infrastructure building maintained.
Merchant (compadors) expand along the coast.
These merchants tie China to outside world.
Qing Decline
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Exam system corrupted.
Dikes not maintained.
Migration and outlaws.
Import of Opium from British.
Ports forced open.
British navel victories over the Chinese.
Land reforms crushed by Qing.