Transcript Slide 1
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Causes of Ottoman westernization?
To what extent did the Ottoman Empire westernize?
Ottoman decline & the Birth of Turkey -
early 1700s Power struggles; poor leadership Rivalry with the West for trade Austrian Habsburgs push Ottomans out of Hungary & No. Balkans Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans Greeks – independence - 1830 Serbia independence - 1867 Europeans fear Ottoman breakup WHY?
British support Ottomans v. Russia Selim III Western reforms anger Janissaries 1807, deposed, assassinated Mahmud II Creates a secret professional army 1826- defeat Janissaries
Tanzimat reforms
Universities on Western models Railways, cabinet advisers 1876 - European-style constitution judicial reforms, land/taxation
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
1 st
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Conservative reaction to reforms
barriers to reform - Sultanate, ulama, ayan
What is the significance of the Young Turk movement?
Young Turk Congress representatives Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) turns to despotic absolutism continues work on infrastructure
Young Turks – Ottoman Society for Union & Progress –
founded in Paris 1889 remove Abdul Hamid in 1908 w/help of military restore Constitution of 1876 Arabs (Syria, Iraq & Saudi) push for independence
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
In July 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress Abdülhamid II
(1877-1909)
freedom against arbitrary and autocratic rule.
(CUP)
, a secret political group active among Ottoman military officers, led a coup against the government of Sultan . The CUP, known in the West as the Young Turks, restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876, and promised equality to all citizens, and
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
By the late nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was beginning to industrialize. Development was concentrated in textiles, production and export of raw materials, and communications and railroads. As in Europe, industrialization altered family relations, as women and children were often hired in preference to men.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Napoleon invades Egypt – Mediterranean trade & empire extension (ultimate goal – India)
Napoleon - defeats Ottoman Mamluk vassals in Egypt British Navy rescues Egypt from Napoleon
Muhammad Ali
emerges as leader after French withdraw Reforms – Military modernization Agricultural modernization Muhammad Ali's successors drop reforms Ayans profit from peasantry – raise taxes
Why do western reforms fail in Egypt?
Economy dependent on export crops – esp. cotton
Huge debts to foreign creditors (esp. GB) Suez Canal opens - 1869 University of al-Azhar - center of Muslim thinkers al-Afghani & Muhammad Abduh Push for Westernization Underline traditional Muslim rationalism Ahmad Orabai - Revolt against khedive, 1882 British intervene Period of puppet khedives under British
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan
Sudan challenges British Can't control camel nomads Muhammad Achmad - Mahdi Proclaims jihad against Egyptians & British takes control of Sudan Succeeded by Khalifa Abdallahi General Kitchner – led British forces that crushed Mahdists
Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Great Britain originally opposed construction of the Suez Canal but soon recognized its crucial role in the route to India. In The Lion's Share, British Prime Minister Disraeli purchases a controlling interest in the Suez Canal Company.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
The Rise & Fall of the Qing Empire Nurhaci (1559-1626) Manchu leader Banner armies – united Manchu tribes 1644 - control Beijing Found Qing dynasty Chinese system maintained Manchu economics Rural reforms landlord system unchanged taxes/state labor lessened repair canals, roads, irrigation Silver influx from Europe
Compradors – 19 th C
Merchants
Qing Empire from Opium War of 1839-1841 to World War I Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China The empress dowager Cixi, c. 1904, late Qing dynasty, China.
The Self-Strengthening Movement
Upon the Xianfeng emperor's death at Chengde in 1861, his antiforeign entourage entered Beijing and seized power, but Cixi, mother of the newly enthroned boy emperor Zaichun (reigned as the Tongzhi emperor, 1861–74/75), and Prince Gong succeeded in crushing their opponents by a coup d'état in ...
Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
The Americans were not part of the carving up of China. Instead, the U.S. served as a mediator to prevent war from taking place among the European powers in China. In this cartoon, each Western power is identified with an animal: the Russians as the bear, the British as the lion, the French as the rooster, the Germans as the eagle, the Austrians as a two-headed eagle, and, of course, China as the dragon. Although the American-proposed "Open Door" policy was supposed to be observed by these powers while they were fighting for their "spheres of influence," in effect these powers ended up carving up China.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration
Qing decline - Exam system corrupt Yellow River dikes not maintained - flooding Unrest: migration, outlaws
The Opium War and its effects
British - Import Indian opium to China Chinese react Lin Zexu - closes ports & blockades European trade British invade – 1839 - Chinese defeated
Treaty of Nanjing
- Hong Kong to British; ports forced to reopen to European trade
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Zeng Guofan -
Chinese administrator, the military leader most responsible for suppressing the Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 64) —thus staving off the collapse of China's imperial regime.
Courtesy of the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Rebellion and Failed Reforms
Hong Xiuquan – “crazy” leader of
Taiping rebellion
Calls for social, land reforms Criticize Qing & Manchu leadership & scholar gentry Crushed by Empress Cixi & Zeng Guofan Zeng – reforms to help economy & end corruption of officials
Self-strengthening Movement
– strengthen China so it isn’t taken over by the West – RRs, factories, modern army
Boxer Rebellion – 1898 - 1901
Cixi – blocked all “westernization” reforms secretly supported anti-foreign rebellion foreign merchants/Christian missionaries/Chinese converts killed crushed by Western powers
Sun Yat-sen
- Western educated reformer create a strong, independent modern nation-state help workers & peasants 1905 – last year of civil service exams; end of scholar-gentry
Revolution of 1911
toppled Qing Dynasty Feb 1912 – Puyi - last Qing emperor (boy) removed from power
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Boxer Rebels European troops gathering prior to invasion of China to put down the Boxer rebellion Sun Yat-sen – “father of modern China”
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007