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CHAPTER THREE Classical Civilization: India World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Geography– water access; location central trade; somewhat protected from invasion, but not fully isolated Aryans (Indo-Europeans) – people that settled on the Indian subcontinent Vedic Age (1500–1000 B.C.E.) Sanskrit – 1st literary language Vedas – sacred Hindu texts Epic Age (1000–600 B.C.E.) Mahabharata – great epic poem – battles Ramayana – epic poem – battles Upanishads – religious poems; nature given divine force Varnas (Aryan social classes) Kshatriyas – warriors Brahmans – priests Vaisyas – traders, farmers Sudras – laborers Untouchables Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India India at the Time of Ashoka Alexander the Great 327 B.C.E., to India Bactria - small state established Chandragupta Maurya (soldier) 322 BCE Mauryan Dynasty – 1st to unify most of subcontinent autocratic - large army & bureaucracy (postal service) Ashoka (269–232 B.C.E.) conversion to Buddhism further territorial acquisition – ruthless wars Kushans invade from NW Kanishka – converted to Buddhism – foreign rule collapse by 220 C.E. Guptan Empire - from 320 C.E. great period of political stability Huns - invade, 535 C.E. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India The Gupta Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Political Why is it significant that the Gupta Empire never developed a bureaucracy? Uniform legal code under Guptas Kautilya - chief minister to Chandragupta political treatise- informed rulers how to maintain power No elaborate political institutions dev. (no bureaucracy) Social - Caste System more complex after 600 B.C.E. Why might the caste system have become more entrenched after 600 BCE? included sub-castes virtually impossible to climb to higher caste upward mobility possible only within caste eased racial/class tensions; caste defined roles in society no slavery – untouchables – work like slaves but aren’t owned by their masters Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India How did Buddhism challenge Hinduism? Religion and Culture Hinduism unifying force not monolithic – tension between religion of rituals for all & religion of mystical brahmans Upanishads reincarnation gurus - mystics major divinities Shiva – destroyer & Vishnu - preserver Gautama Buddha (ca 563–483 B.C.E.) nirvana emphasis on equality – spread rapidly Kamasutra – “Laws of love” - relationships between men & women Architecture/Science stupas – shrines to Buddha Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Social Patriarchal arranged marriages; ensure economic links between families women – no voice; but Indian society also emphasized loving relations, emotional support & sexual pleasure Economy – based on Textiles 1st to manufacture cotton cloth, cashmere Iron working steel – best in world Long-distance trade – by land & sea Indian influences spread - through trade – w/China & ME - through Buddhism Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Comparison b/w China and India Contrasts Indian sensuality v. Chinese restraint in art India more rigid socially Similarities large peasant classes patriarchy Venn Diagram Activity: Choose only 3 Compare & Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism – views on gender, social hierarchy & inequalities Compare & Contrast the classical civilizations of India & China in terms of politics & economy. Compare & Contrast gender roles in India & China. Compare & Contrast the lifestyles of peasants, merchants, and elites in any two classical civilizations. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007