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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Muslim Empires World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Ottomans: Frontier Warriors Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks – allows Ottomans to emerge dominant Ottoman expansion-Balkans 14th -15th C 1453 - conquer Constantinople dominate Mediterranean Military dominance Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility Janissary infantry Expansion of the Ottoman Empire Conscripted youth from conquered peoples converted/educated become powerful force in empire Sultans & their Court Vizier – powerful - oversee large bureaucracy Sultan Succession - No clear rules Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Constantinople Restored Sultan Suleymaniye mosque - 16th century Turkish language prevails Ottoman Sultan Selim II receives the Safavid ambassador in 1567 Vizier Commercial center Government control of trade, crafts Artisan guilds Ottoman Decline – long term Strong until late 1600s Infrastructure insufficient Reasons for decline of Dependent on conquest Ottoman Empire End of conquest = deficiencies Regional leaders divert revenue Sultans less dynamic Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Sultan Suleymaniye’s mosque - Istanbul Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Court Harem Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Janissaries Lepanto, 1571 Conservative Stop military, technological reform Defeated by Spain & Venice Effect - Turks lose control of E. Mediterranean Portuguese outflank Middle East trade Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean Victories over Muslim navies Inflation - Caused by New World bullion & lost revenue from control of trade Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires The Safavid Empire Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires The Shi’a Challenge & control Safavids Safavid family Sufi preachers, mystics Sail al-Din - leads revival 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz - named shah 1514 -Chaldiran - Safavids defeated by Ottomans Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs Abbas I (1587-1629) Persians as bureaucrats Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires State and Religion Adopt Persian after Chaldiran Adopt Persian court traditions Shi'ism modified - spreads to entire empire Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture Building projects - mosques in Isfahan Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Mosque in Isfahan Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Similarities between Ottoman & Safavid Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Reasons for decline of Safavid Empire Warrior aristocracies - win rural estates after conquest Central power difficult to establish Imperial artisan workshops supported International trade encouraged Women lose freedom – elite women strictly controlled Subordinate to fathers/husbands Abbas I - removes heirs; weak grandson inherits – leads to decline Internecine conflict, outside threats 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis Nadir Khan Afshar, shah-1736 Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires The Mughals - Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur driven from Afghanistan invaded India in 1526 Turkic invaders 1. Panipat – 1526 - defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty 2. Khanua – 1527 - defeats Hindu confederation Succeeded by Humayn; flees to Persia Mughal rule restored by Humayn circa 1556 Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb Akbar - Humayun's 13-year-old son Reconciliation with Hindus Din-i-Ilahi - blend of Islam & Hinduism Purpose - toleration – end to civil conflict between Hindus & Muslims & Sikhs Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Guru Amar Das Women & King Akbar Early European Contacts Taj Mahal Position improved Widows encouraged to remarry Child marriages discouraged Sati prohibited Seclusion undermined by women's market days Death of Akbar - reforms don't survive Cotton textiles to Europe increase Especially among laboring and middle classes Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan - 17th century Continue toleration Less energetic for running their empire Support arts - Taj Mahal Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Court Politics / Position of Elite & Ordinary Women Nur Jahan Mumtaz Mahal – powerful wife of Shah Jahan Ordinary women - position declines Sati spreads among upper classes Other of Akbar's reforms die out The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb - succeeds Shah Jahan Nur Jahan Reasons for decline of Mughal Empire Rule all India Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint 1707 - controls most of India Wife of Jahangir - head of powerful faction brother – Grand Vizier Expensive empire to run Revolt - Central power diminishes - Autonomy of local leaders increases Hindus exluded from high office Non-Muslims taxed Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Chart for 3 Muslim Empires Political development Economic activities Social & Cultural changes (religion & treatment of women) Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co