Transcript Slide 1
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
The Muslim Empires
World Civilizations, The Global Experience
AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire
Builders
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim
Civilization in India
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Ottomans:
Frontier Warriors Empire
Builders
Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks –
allows Ottomans to emerge dominant
Ottoman expansion-Balkans 14th -15th
C
1453 - conquer Constantinople
dominate Mediterranean
Military dominance
Turkic horsemen become warrior
nobility
Janissary infantry
Expansion of the Ottoman
Empire
Conscripted youth from conquered
peoples
converted/educated
become powerful force in empire
Sultans & their Court
Vizier – powerful - oversee large
bureaucracy
Sultan Succession - No clear rules
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Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Constantinople Restored
Sultan Suleymaniye mosque - 16th century
Turkish language prevails
Ottoman Sultan Selim II
receives the Safavid
ambassador in 1567
Vizier
Commercial center
Government control of trade, crafts
Artisan guilds
Ottoman Decline – long term
Strong until late 1600s
Infrastructure insufficient
Reasons for
decline of
Dependent on conquest
Ottoman Empire
End of conquest = deficiencies
Regional leaders divert revenue
Sultans less dynamic
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Sultan Suleymaniye’s mosque - Istanbul
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Court Harem
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Military Reverses and the Ottoman
Retreat
Janissaries
Lepanto, 1571
Conservative
Stop military, technological reform
Defeated by Spain & Venice
Effect - Turks lose control of E.
Mediterranean
Portuguese outflank Middle East trade
Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean
Victories over Muslim navies
Inflation - Caused by New World bullion
& lost revenue from control of trade
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Safavid Empire
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Shi’a Challenge &
control Safavids
Safavid family
Sufi preachers, mystics
Sail al-Din - leads revival
1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz - named shah
1514 -Chaldiran - Safavids defeated by
Ottomans
Politics and War under the Safavid
Shahs
Abbas I (1587-1629)
Persians as bureaucrats
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Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
State and Religion
Adopt Persian after Chaldiran
Adopt Persian court traditions
Shi'ism modified - spreads to entire empire
Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor
Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture
Building projects - mosques in Isfahan
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Mosque in Isfahan
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Similarities between
Ottoman & Safavid
Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and
Safavid Comparisons
Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire
Reasons for decline of
Safavid Empire
Warrior aristocracies - win rural estates after
conquest
Central power difficult to establish
Imperial artisan workshops supported
International trade encouraged
Women lose freedom – elite women strictly
controlled
Subordinate to fathers/husbands
Abbas I - removes heirs; weak grandson inherits
– leads to decline
Internecine conflict, outside threats
1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
Nadir Khan Afshar, shah-1736
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Mughals - Apex of Muslim
Civilization in India
Babur
driven from Afghanistan
invaded India in 1526
Turkic invaders
1. Panipat – 1526 - defeats Muslim Lodi
dynasty
2. Khanua – 1527 - defeats Hindu
confederation
Succeeded by Humayn; flees to Persia
Mughal rule restored by Humayn circa
1556
Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting
Empire
The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to
Aurangzeb
Akbar - Humayun's 13-year-old son
Reconciliation with Hindus
Din-i-Ilahi - blend of Islam & Hinduism
Purpose - toleration – end to civil conflict
between Hindus & Muslims & Sikhs
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Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Guru Amar
Das
Women
&
King
Akbar
Early European Contacts
Taj Mahal
Position improved
Widows encouraged to remarry
Child marriages discouraged
Sati prohibited
Seclusion undermined by women's market days
Death of Akbar - reforms don't survive
Cotton textiles to Europe increase
Especially among laboring and middle classes
Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era
Jahangir and Shah Jahan - 17th century
Continue toleration
Less energetic for running their empire
Support arts - Taj Mahal
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Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Court Politics / Position of Elite &
Ordinary Women
Nur Jahan
Mumtaz Mahal – powerful wife of Shah Jahan
Ordinary women - position declines
Sati spreads among upper classes
Other of Akbar's reforms die out
The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
Aurangzeb - succeeds Shah Jahan
Nur Jahan
Reasons for decline
of Mughal Empire
Rule all India
Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint
1707 - controls most of India
Wife of Jahangir - head of powerful faction
brother – Grand Vizier
Expensive empire to run
Revolt - Central power diminishes - Autonomy of
local leaders increases
Hindus exluded from high office
Non-Muslims taxed
Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Chart for 3 Muslim Empires
Political development
Economic activities
Social & Cultural changes
(religion & treatment of women)
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Co