Transcript Ottoman Empire Topkapi Harem Reasons for Decline Internal • • • • Less centralized Urban riots, rebellion Increased crime Armies deprived of needed resources • Corruption • Inflation and rising unemployment • Social unrest.

Ottoman Empire
Topkapi Harem
Reasons for Decline
Internal
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Less centralized
Urban riots, rebellion
Increased crime
Armies deprived of
needed resources
• Corruption
• Inflation and rising
unemployment
• Social unrest in part
because of decline in
craft industry
• Ineffective leaders
– Less severe
– Less sensitive to public
opinion
– Low quality
– Ending of fratricide led
to unprepared leaders
Reasons for Decline
External
• Ottoman possessions
irresistible to neighbors
• Unrest by Christian people
in Balkans
• No longer a threat to
Austria-Hungary
• Competition for trade
from Americas, India, and
the Far East
• Development of other
trade routes
• Loss of territories
• Economic dependence on
European political
rivalries
Loss of Territory
• 1683 failure to capture Vienna
• 1699 Hungary lost to the Ottomans
• Empire lasts two more centuries
because of balance of power
– Sauds in Arabia
– French in Algeria
• 1830 Greek Independence
• 1854-1856 Crimean War points out
weaknesses of empire
Greek War for Independence:
1821-1832
Crimean War: 1854-1856
The “Sick Man of Europe”!
Attempts at Reform 1856-1876
Hatt-I-Humayun
Purpose—national citizenship for all within empire
• Abolished civil authority of religious hierarchs
• Equality before the law guaranteed
• Eligibility to public office without regard to religion
• Army open to Christians and Muslims
• Tax reform
• Abolition of torture
• Prison reforms
• End of corruption of public officials
• Increased tension with ruling elite
Reforms Fail
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•
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Resistance against such radical changes
Few Turks with skill or experience
Sultan Abdul Aziz recklessly overborrows
Sultan deposed 1876
Midhat Pasha-reform minister
New constitution 1876
1877 Turkish Parliament meets
Abdul Hamid II
•
•
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•
Midhat gone
Parliament gone
Constitution gone
Paranoid about anything
he could not understand
• Tried to impose
absolutism
• Restricted civil liberties
• Continued to push for
westernization in some
areas
• Young Turks lived in
exile plotting revenge
• Determined to restore
Constitution of 1876
• 1908 coup with
military support
• Sultan figurehead
• Infighting among
officers who led coup
• Wars in Balkans
The Young Turks Program
 Pushed for reforms  basic democratic
rights:
 freedom of speech.
 freedom of assembly.
 freedom of the press.
 Problem of nationalism within
(heterogeneous empire).
Massacres 1876 and 1915
•
Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878
• Pan-Slavism
• Insurrection Bosnia
1875 and Bulgaria
1876
• Russia declares war
• Treaty of San Stefano
• jingoism
Egypt and Suez Canal
The Ottoman Empire in 1914
Two Armed Camps
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
World War I Alliances: 1914-1918
Europeans Carve
Up
the
Ottoman Empire
After WWI
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
 Republican People’s Party Goals:
National Assembly
 nationalism (“Turkification”).
 state-controlled economy
 secularism
 reform
 1924  abolished the caliphate.
Atatürk’s Reforms
1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith
 Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.
 Secular education.
 Ministry of Religious Affairs
abolished.
 Sharia courts closed  new
secular courts.
2. Western-style clothing
 Forbid the wearing of the fez 
 Western-style men’s suits.
 Attacked the veiling of women.
Atatürk’s Reforms
3. Language Reform:
 Roman alphabet replaced the
Arabic script.
 Literacy in new alphabet
required for government
positions.
4. State Socialism:
 State banks established to
finance government-controlled
businesses.
5. Adoption of a Surname.