Transcript The Great War—1914-1918

Enduring Understandings
1. Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances propelled the industrialized
nations into a devastating world war.
2. Advancement of technology changed the nature of global conflict and cooperation.
3. Cooperation among nations may not necessarily be fair for all parties.
1. Finish page 14 War Affects the World
2. Intro to how WWI ended
3. Complete page 15 – graphically organize understanding of how the
war ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
4. Compare how the Treaty of Versailles compared with the Congress
of Vienna and the lessons to be learned from the differences by
completing page 16.
5. Work with groups on storybook
 Allied expansion, war
moves beyond Europe
 Purpose of campaign was
numerous…
o Secure the Dardanelles
Strait
o Capture Constantinople
o Defeat Turks
o Establish supply line to
Russia
 Effort fails, yet another
stalemate
Why?
 Germany’s
unrestricted submarine
warfare policy – the seas are no longer
free
 Attack on Lusitania (1915)
 Zimmermann Note – attempt to get
Mexico to fight for the Germans
 Economic/cultural ties with Allies
Because World War I spread to several continents, it
required the full resources of many governments, thus
making it a “total war.” Using this idea of the “total
war” concept, governments created propaganda
pieces calling on their citizens to join the war
effort. The US was the country that produced the
most propaganda.
Examples of WWI propaganda can be seen on pgs. 360
& 367.
 World War I becomes a
total war, and
governments take
control of national
economies
 In the U.S. and Europe,
citizens undergo
rationing of goods
 With millions of men at
the front, many women
go to work in factories
and elsewhere
 By 1917, the Russian
government nears
collapse as civil unrest
and wartime shortages
plague the empire
 Czar Nicholas II
abdicates his throne in
March 1917
 Russia pulls out of the
war in early 1918
 Lenin seizes power
 War on Eastern Front ends
 Russia has to give up lands now in:
 Latvia,
 Lithuania,
 Estonia,
 Ukraine,
 Poland and
 Finland – all given to Germany
 With Russia’s withdrawal, Germany achieves a victory on
the Eastern Front
 Though Germany’s eastern troops head west, fresh
American troops give the Allies an edge to win the second
Battle of the Marne
 German troops are exhausted – Americans are fresh
 German materials are worn down and supplies, including
food was very limited – Americans arrive with new
machines and lots of food
 After the 2nd Battle of the Marne, Germany is forced to
retreat
 German citizens are tired, worn out, and fed up with war
 Bulgaria and Ottoman
Empire surrender
 Revolution against emperor
of Austria-Hungary
 Mutiny in Germany
 The Kaiser abdicates,
 Germany and the Allies sign
an armistice, ending the war
on November 11th, 1918
 Conference to establish terms of peace after WWI
 Represented by the “Big Four”
o Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States
(14 points proposal)
o Georges Clemenceau, prime minister of France
o David Lloyd George, prime minister of Great
Britain
o Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy
 Not represented—Russia, Germany, German allies
 Does this seem right?
1.
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14.
Open covenants of peace openly arrived at
Freedom of the seas
Freedom from trade barriers
Reduction of armaments
Impartial adjustment of colonial claims
Evacuation of Russian territory and Russian self-determination
Evacuation and restoration of Belgium
Evacuation of France and restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France
Readjustment of Italian frontiers
Independent development for the peoples of Austria-Hungary
Readjustments in the Balkans
Independent development for the non-Turkish nationalities of the
Ottoman Empire and the opening of the Dardanelles
Restoration of an independent Poland with access to the sea and
Establishment of a general association of nations.
 Treaty punishes Germany
o Excludes Germany from League of Nations
o Seizes all colonial possessions in Africa and the Pacific
o Restricted the size and activities of its military
o Forced to accept full responsibility for the war
o Required to pay war reparations
 Creates new nations (see map 1918 Europe—pg. 382 or
857)
 Establishes a League of Nations, an international
organization whose goal would be to keep peace among
nations
 The war leaves 8.5 million
soldiers dead and 21 million
wounded, as well as millions of
civilians dead and wounded
 The war costs $338 billion,
destroys land and towns in
Europe and Russia, and causes
disillusionment in society, as
an entire generation of
Europeans is lost
 Treaty of Versailles would not
lead to a lasting peace, but
instead serve as a cause of
WWII