Transcript Chapter 13-3 War Affects the World I. The War Expands out of Europe A. Countries outside of Europe a.

Chapter 13-3
War Affects the World
I. The War Expands out of Europe
A.
Countries outside of Europe
a. Japan enters the war on the Allies’ side
b. The Ottomans and Bulgaria allied with
the Central Powers
c. U.S. and Italy were the only major neutral
powers in 1915 (Italy joined the allies)
B. Attack the Ottomans
a. Allies attempt to end the STALEMATE
b. Attack a region of the Empire known as the
Dardanelles
1. A narrow sea strait was the gateway to
Constantinople
2. The Allies believed they could defeat
the Turks and create a supply line to Russia
c. British, Australian,
and French troops
made assaults on the
Gallipoli Peninsula (The
Gallipoli campaign)
1. Turks defended
the region causing
another stalemate
2. Allies suffered
250,000 casualties and
surrendered after 11
months
d. Allies were determined to
destroy the Ottoman Empire
1. In Southwest Asia, the
British helped Arab nations rise
up against the Turks
2. T. E. Lawrence or
Lawrence of Arabia, a British
soldier, led guerrilla raids
3. With the Arabs, Allied
forces took control of Baghdad,
Jerusalem, and Damascus
C. Asia and Africa
a. German colonial possessions were under
assault
b. Japan overran German outposts in China
c. England and France attacked Germany’s
African possessions and seized control
d. British and French military recruited
subjects from their colonies
1. Troops and laborers came from
India, South Africa, Egypt, Indochina, and
Algeria
2. Some volunteered to obtain
independence or to disobey their European
ruler
II. The U.S. enters the War
A. Submarine Warfare
a. Germany intensified war at sea in 1917
1. Failed crops and a British naval
blockade caused food shortages
2. Germany set up its own naval
blockade around Britain
b. Unrestricted Submarine warfare
1. Germany’s policy to sink any ship in
the waters around Britain without warning
2. Believed that this
would starve Britain into
defeat before the U.S.
could mobilize
3. Germany sinks
three American ships
after ignoring warnings
by President Woodrow
Wilson
c. Zimmerman Telegram
1. Britain intercepted a telegram from Arthur
Zimmerman, Germany’s Foreign Secretary, to
the German ambassador in Mexico
2. Message stated Germany would help
Mexico regain land it lost to the U.S. if Mexico
would ally itself with Germany
3. Americans called for war against
Germany
a. Many Americans felt a bond to
England because of shared ancestry and
language
b. Anti-German sentiment was
prominent in the U.S.
4. April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked
Congress to declare war and entered on the
Allies side
III. War Affects the Home Front
A. Total War
a. Countries devoted all their resources to the
war effort
b. Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and
France’s governments were dedicated to
winning the war
1. Told factories what to produce and how
much
2. Nearly every able-bodied civilian was put
to work
a. UNEMPLOYMENT nearly
disappeared
c. RATIONING systems were
put in place
1. Buy only small
amounts of the items that
were needed for the war
2. Rationing covered a
wide range of goods from
butter to shoe leather
d. Governments suppressed
antiwar activities and
censored the news
1. Honest reporting would cause people to
turn against the war
2. PROPAGANDA or one-sided
information designed to persuade, was used
to keep up moral and support
a. War posters were colorful and
urged support
B. The War’s Impact on Women
a. Thousands of women replaced men in factories,
offices, and shops
b. Built tanks, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran
hospitals
c. Supplied the troops with food, clothing, and
weapons
d. Many women left the
workforce at the end of
the war but changed
the views on what
women could do
1. In a few years
women will obtain the
right to vote
IV. Allies win the War
A. Russia withdraws from the War
a. March 1917 civil unrest in Russia due to a
shortage of food and fuel caused the gov’t to
break down
1. Czar Nicholas abdicated the throne due
to a revolution
2. A provisional government was
established that pledged to continue fighting
the war
a. 5.5 million soldiers were
wounded, killed or taken prisoner and the
army refused to fight any longer
3. Later in 1917, a revolution took place,
Communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
became the leader
a. Lenin insisted on ending Russia’s
contribution to war by offering Germany a
truce
1. March 1918,
Germany and
Russia signed the
Treaty of BrestLitovsk, ending the
war between them,
and Russia
surrendered lands
to Germany
2. Due to the treaty
Russia surrendered
lands to Germany
B. A Failed Final Push
a. Germany sent all troops to the Western
front
b. March 1918, Germany attacked the Allies
in France
1. 6,000 German cannons opened the
attack, crushing everything in its path
2. By May, Germany was within 40 miles
of Paris and victory was in reach
c. Germany’s military had weakened
1. The Allies, with 140,000 fresh American troops,
launched a counterattack
2. July 1918, Germany and Allies clashed at the
Second Battle of the Marne
a. 350 tanks lead the Allied attack, smashing
through the German lines
b. 2 million American troops arrived to advance
the Allies toward Germany
d. Central Powers crumble
1. Bulgarians and the Ottoman Turks surrendered
2. A revolution in Austria-Hungary brought
the empire to an end
3. German soldiers MUTINIED and the
people turned against the Kaiser
a. Kaiser Wilhelm was forced to step
down in November
b. Germany declares itself a REPUBLIC
e. An ARMISTICE or an agreement to stop
fighting was signed on November 11, 1918
and WWI came to an end
1. Allied nations gathered to work out a
peace settlement