Transcript Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbasis Teks/Wacana

Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris
Berbasis Teks
Oleh :
Darwis Sasmedi
Januari 2006
What is a text?






We live in a world of words.
When these words are put together to communicate a meaning,
a piece of text is created.
When you speak or write to communicate a massage, you are
constructing a text
When you read, listen to, or view a piece of text, you
interpreting its meaning.
Creating a text requires us to make a choices about the words
we use and how we put them together
If we make the right choices then we can communicate with
others, our choices of words will depend on our purpose and
our surroundings or context
Pengertian Teks






Teks adalah satuan bahasa yang mengungkapkan makna secara
kontekstual.
Batasan teks tidak diukur dari jumlah kalimat atau halaman
yang dikandung, tetapi dari makna yang diungkapkan dan
konteks yang melingkupinya
Demikian pula, kualitas teks tidak tidak dinilai dari panjang
pendeknya.
Teks ilmiah sering diidentikkan dengan teks tulis, sedangkan
teks non-ilmiah dengan teks lisan
Teks tulis bukanlah teks yang ditulis, dan sebaliknya, teks lisan
bukanlah teks yang dilisankan.
Ada teks tulis yang disampaikan secara lisan, misalnya berita
yang dibaca oleh penyiar radio atau televisi.Teks lisan yang
ditulis, misalnya teks percakapan yang ditulis.
Teks Penceritaan (Recount)
Contoh teks penceritaan:
The Ferry Trip
On Tuesday we went on a harbor cruise.
We went underneath the harbour bridge and
then we went past some submarines.
When we got to Clifton Gardens we had a picnic.
After we had finished, we played on the
climbing. Then Mr. Robinson came over and said
Mr. Moses was giving out frozen oranges. Then
after we finished that we went home.
Although it was tiring, we were happy.
Ciri Teks Recount:




Berisi “siapa” (pelaku) melakukan “apa”
(peristiwa), maka lebih dipentingkan pelaku
daripada peristiwa (pelaku dicetak miring),
Lebih banyak memanfaatkan Past Tense
(dicetak tebal),
Lebih banyak mengandung kata kerja
material yaitu yang menunjukkan kata kerja
yang menunjukkan aktivitas (3 kelompok
kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja
:1) material, 2) mental, 3) relasional),
Banyak memanfaatkan konjungsi temporal,
seperti when, then dan after.
Kosa kata yang lazim dibutuhkan:
Ket. waktu
Konjungasi

-
Last week
Last month
Last year
Last time
Yesterday
Three days ago
2 months ago
A few weeks ago
In 2001
- when
- after
- after that
- before
- before that
- not long after that
- first of all
-finally
Kata kerja
- went
- did
- had
- made
- came
-arrived
- got
- met
to be
(was,
were)

Kata Kerja
- conducted
- carried out
- observed
- collected
- concluded
- made
- came
- worked
- analyzed
- discussed
Kata Benda
- research
- survey
- programme
- observation
- experiment
- activity
- conclusion
- method/methodology
- data
- analysis
Teks Prosedur
Contoh teks prosedur :
How to Operate This Washing
Machine
Open the door, and load the machine with clothes.
Close the door securely, and put “Fizz” into the soap
compartment.
Select the washing temperature (hot or warm)
Put a 50 piece into the lost on the right.
The clothes are ready.
Ciri-ciri Teks Prosedur:





Memanfaatkan Simple Present Tense
Lebih banyak memanfaatkan kata kerja
material
Selain dengan kalimat perintah, dapat
dinyatakan dengan kalimat pasif,
Terkait dengan poin 2 di atas,
partisipannya adalah manusia
Memanfaatkan konjungsi yang
menunjukkan urutan seperti first,
second, next, then dan finally
Teks Deskripsi
Contoh Teks Deskripsi:
Desert
Deserts are very dry and hot regions where only few plants
and animals can live. Deserts in the world have several
characteristics in common. Firstly, they all have an annual
rainfall of less than ten inches. Although there is no water
on the surface of deserts, there is much underground.
Secondly, there are great differences between day and
night temperatures. During the day, the temperature is
very high, but at night it becomes very low. Finally, they
are inhabited by plants and animals which have adapted to
lack of water and the changing temperatures.




Teks Deskripsi (description) sering pula
disebut paparan, tentang sesuatu
sebagaimana adanya.
Yang dipaparkan adalah bentuknya,
ukurannya, unsurnya, atau sifat-sifatnya.
Teks deskripsi dapat berupa paparan sebuah
proses, misalnya proses terjadinya hujan
Teks deskripsi bertujuan untuk memaparkan
what things are as they are atau what things
do as they do
Ciri Teks Deskripsi:






Teks deskripsi didominasi penggunaan simple
present tense
Teks deskripsi lebih banyak memanfaatkan kata
kerja relational dan material
Teks deskripsi tidak memanfaatkan partisipan
manuasia, sehingga yang lebih penting adalah
pokok yang dipaparkan
Pada teks deskripsi , konjungsi seperti firstly,
secondly dll , hanya digunakan semata-mata untuk
menata gagasan
Pada teks deskripsi, kata sifat merupakan alat yang
bangus untuk melukiskan bentuk, ciri-ciri dan
keadaan pokok yang dipaparkan
Teks deskripsi biasanya mencerminkan hubungan
bagian dan keseluruhan

-
Kosa kata yang lazim pada teks deskripsi:
Kata benda(wil.adm)
Kata benda/Sifat
(Keadaan Geografi)
Continent
mountainous
Country
State
Country
Territory
Region
Area
Province
Regency
District
Subdistrict
village
- mountain,
- hill, hilly
- flat
- plain
- forest, wooded
- grassland, grassy
- river
- lake
- sea
- ocean
- desert

-
Iklim
(Kata Sifat)
Polar
Arid
Maritime
Desert
Tropicale
Quatorial
Cuaca
(Kata Sifat)
- wet/rainy
- dry
- hot
- windy
-chilly
- mild, humid
Bahasa
(Kata benda)
-
-
Native language
Mother tongue
Indonesian (language)
Sundanese
Balinese
Musim
(Kata Benda)
- spring
- summer
- autumn /fall
- winter
Arah Mata angin
(kata benda, kata sifat)
- north, northen
- north-east, north-eastern
- east, eastern
- south-east, south-eastern
- west, western
Contoh lain formulasi bahasa dan kosa kata teks
deskripsi:
There is a trend
that the… increase every year.
a tendency
Atau:
The production tends to
increase every ye
will
is likely to
Atau:
It is predicted
that….

projected
estimated
Teks Eksplanasi

Contoh teks Eksplanasi
HOW DESERTS REMAIN DRY
There are three possible reasons why desert remain dry.
These are high mountain barriers, cold ocean currents and high
pressure systems
Mountain Barriers:
When warm air passes over the ocean it pick up moisture
in the form of water vapour. As this moist travels over the land,
it rises to pass over mountain ranges. When it begins to rise,
the air cools and this causes the water vapour to condence
into droplets which fall as rain. When the reaches the other side
of the mountain barriers, it has lost all its moisture and so the
other side of the mountain remains dry.
Teks Deskripsi lanjutan:


Teks deskripsi dapat berupa sajian
penjelasan tentang gambar, tabel,
grafik, atau diagram.
Teks ilmiah sering memanfaatkan
gambar, tabel, grafik atau diagram
sebagai media penyajian data
Formula bahasa yang lazim pd teks deskripsi:
It can be seen from the picture
that…
table
graph
diagram
chart
statistics
figures
percentage
Atau:
As (it is) shown in
Table 2, …
As can be seen from / in
Graph 1, …
According to
Chart 3, ….

Atau:
As (it is shown in the
As can be seen from/in the
According to the
Atau:
-Table 2
-Graph 1
-Chart 3
-Diagram 2
shown that…
picture,…
table,…
graph,…
diagram,…
chart, …
statistics,…
figures…
Ciri kebahasaan teks eksplansi:






Berfokus pd pelaku bukan pelaku secara umum, artinya yang
lebih penting adalah pokok yg dijelaskan bukan, org yang
menjelaskan
Lebih banyak menggunakan present tense
Lebih banyak menggunakan kata kerja material dan relasional
Memanfaatkan bentuk pasif untuk memberikan tekanan pada
tema
Menggunakan konjungsi temporal dan kausal seperti; as, when,
since, because, so dan therefore. Selain itu hubungan sebab
akibat dpt dinyatakan dengan kata kerja seperti: cause, make,
produce, result in,etc.
Ekplanasi ditulis untuk membuat justifikasi bahwa sesuatu yg
diterangkan secara kausal itu benar adanya
Formula bahasa yang lazim pada teks Eksplanasi:
Dengan konjungsi:
Sedimentation
Occurs

Atau:
Sedimentation occurs
Atau:
There are erosions,
because of
as a result of
as a consequence of
on the account of
owing to
due to
through
erosions
because there are erosions
since
as
if
when
thus
so,
sedimentation occur
Atau:
There are erosions. thus,
sedimentation occurs.
so,
as a result,
therefore,
Hence,
Accordingly,
Consequently,
That is why.

Dengan kata kerja
- Sedimentation
Atau,
Erosions
is caused
lead to
result in
cause
make
produce
by erosions.
sedimentation.
Dengan kata benda:
- The effect
of erosions
is sedimentation.
One result
The consequence
Atau:
The cause of
sedimentation is erosions.
The reason for

Teks Eksposisi


Teks eksposisi (exposition) adalah teks
yang menyajikan pendapat atau
gagasan yg dilihat dari satu sudut
pandang dan berfungsi untuk
menyakinkan pihak lain bahwa yang
apa yg disampaikan benar berdsarkan
argumentasi atau alasan yg diajukan
Contoh Teks Eksposisi:
GAM IS UNTRUSTWORTHY
From Koran Tempo
The Cessation of Hostilities Agreement
between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and
the Indonesian government, inked in Geneva,
Switzerland, some time ago, has allowed
free rein to GAM’s activities.
Since the singing og agreement, GAM has
already committed some 300 acts of violence
in Naggroe Aceh Darrussalam (NAD). Why
have we let happen? Four mounths have
elapsed and nothing of significance has been
achieved.
Ciri teks Eksposisi




Secara kebahasaan teks eksposisi disusun dg ciri-ciri
menonjol sbb:
Teks eksposisi berisi pandangan pribadi penulisnya
dan ditandai dg penggunaan kata ganti “I” atau “we”
Teks eksposisi mencakup penggunaan kata kerja
material, relasional dan mental sekaligus, seperti: I
believe that… atau I think…
Teks eksposisi memuat argumentasi satu sisi dan
jumalh argumentasi tidak ditentukan. Selain
merupakan milik penulis sendiri, dapat pula
dikembangkan dari pendapat umum yg diambil dari
sumber lain yg disebutkan sebagai referensi
Formula bahasa yg lazim pada teks eksposisi:

Untuk mempengaruhi orang alain:
- There no doubt
that…
- I (strongly) believe
- It is obious
- It is clear
- It is undeniable
- It is unavoidable
- etc


Untuk menggalang pendapat umum:
- It is
Generally
believe
Commonly
accepted
widely
argued
that…
Untuk membuat kesimpulan:
- In conclusion,
it can be stated that….
- To conclude,
- Therefore,
- Altogether,
- On the whole,
- In all,
- Finally,
atau
-
From the statement,
Above,
From the facts,
On this basis,
it can be concluded that….
Kosa kata yang mungkin dibutuhkan:
Kata sifat
Kata kerja
Clear
- argue
Obvious
- believe
Evident
- state
True
- conclude
- point out
Kata Benda
- argument
- belief
- statement
- conclusion
- point
Konjungsi
- inconclusion
- to conclude
- therefore
- altogether
- on the whole
- in all
- First
- second
- Finally
Kata Keterangan
- generally
- commonly
- widely
- usually
Teks Diskusi

Teks diskusi adalah teks yg menyajikan
sebuah isu yg ditinjau darai dua sudut
pandang, yaitu sudut pandang yang
mendukung isu yang dikemukakan,
sedang sudut pandang yang lain
menentang isu itu.
Contoh Teks Diskusi:
Using Nuclear Energy Should Be Avoided For the
Sake Of Environmental Safety
Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to
overcome the crisis of energy. The debate whether the use of
nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end .
Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits
.Some others ,however, disagree because of its risks to environment
. For the sake of the environmental safety , nuclear energy should
be avoided.
Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually
argue that the energy produced from them can be used for
multipurpose .The reactors can produce radioisotopes utilized in
medical , industrial , and agricultural fields. They also claim that
nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the everincreasing energy needs. According to them , the other sources of
energy :oil, coal , and liquid natural gas are not renewable and safe
, while nuclear energy can be sustainable produced in a safe way.
Ciri teks diskusi
Bentuk bahasa yg menandai teks diskusi sbb:
 Teks diskusi lebih banyak menggunakan simple
Present tenses .
 Teks diskusi mengandung kata kerja material,
relasional, dan mental sekaligus .pada contoh ,kata
kerja material di garisbawahi ,kata kerja relasional
dicetak tebal ,dan kata kerja mental di beri garis
ganda.
 Teks diskusi menggunakan modalitas untuk
membangun opini atau rekomendasi . Pada contoh
modalitas yang dimaksud adalah should (di cetak
tebal dan miring) , yang lebih mengarah kepada
saran atau anjuran .
 konjungsi yang menonjol pada teks diskusi adalah
onjungsi yang menunjukan kontras ,seperti but,
Formulasi bahasa pd teks diskusi:
Tax intensification
Is good for
people
The government
but,
however,
it is hard
for
nevertheless,
to pay
in contrast,
on the contrary,
on the other hand,
meanwhile
Kosa kata yang mungkin
dibutuhkan pada teks diskusi:

Kata kerja
- argue
- state
- claim
- believe
- insist
- suggest
- support
- critize
- confront
-etc
Kata benda
- argument (for,against)
- bilief
- claim
- suggestion
- recommendation
- consideration
- significance
- criticism
- confrontation
Konjungsi / preposisi yang menandai teks
diskusi:

Konjungsi/preposisi
- but
- however
- nevertheless
- in contrast (to)
- contrary to
- on the other hand
- instead
- for
- against
- in favour of
Kata Sifat
- (completely) different
- divergent
- contradictory
- advantageous
- disadvantageous
- beneficial
- meaningful
- meaningless
- main
- weak/bad, strong/good