Transcript ADDIE - LeahMacVie.com

{
An Introduction to
ADDIE
and how it can be used by Multimedia students
{ENTER}
}
Table of Contents
{ ADDIE
}
why it works
1. ADDIE
2. History
3. Theories
4. In Comparison
5. Uses in Multimedia
6. Quiz
7. References
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ADDIE is
{ ADDIE }
is
ISD
A phased systems approach is often referred to as the Instructional Systems Design
model. The benefits in using this type of approach is that the end product is more likely
to meet the genuine needs of the client. It also helps to ensure that the development
does not begin until the planning process is complete which ends up saving costs and
frustration from rework.
ADDIE
The most popular ISD approach is the ADDIE model.
ADDIE represents the five phases of the project, Analyze, Design,
Develop, Implement and Evaluate.
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The ADDIE phases
the
{ ADDIE }
phases
A
D
D
I
E
Analyze
Design
Develop
Implement
Evaluate
Determine the scope of
the project
Determine the program
structure and duration
Identify the target
audience and their
current knowledge
Specify assessment and
evaluation
Estimate costs and a
schedule
Define implementation
requirements
Compile learning
objectives
Create storyboards
Identify the visual theme
Research existing
materials
Gather materials
Decide on a mode of
delivery
Develop the product
Distribute the product
and any aids
Develop any
manuals/instructions
needed
Install/Upload
technology
Develop assessment
Conduct assessments
Create a prototype
Conduct a tabletop
review
Review and validate the
product
Gather feedback
Gather evaluation data
Review progress,
performance and
results of the product
Document findings for
possible redesign or
updates
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Rapid Prototyping
the
{ ADDIE }
phases
Rapid Prototyping
For best results, the development process for an electronic project should use a modified ADDIE model,
in which a rapid prototype phase is inserted after, or as an extension of, the design phase.
A rapid prototype is simply a quickly assembled module that can be tested with the student audience early
in the process. The evaluation typically looks at things like how well the learners responded to the
creative metaphor, how effective the learning activities are, and how well the program performs on the
chosen technology platform. Based on the feedback, the design can be revised and another prototype
developed. This process continues until there is agreement and confidence in the prototype.
A
D
Rapid Prototyping
D
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Formative vs. Summative
the
{ ADDIE }
phases
Formative vs. Summative
Formative evaluation involves gathering
information during the early stages of the
design process with the focus on finding out
whether efforts are unfolding as planned,
uncovering any obstacles, barriers or
unexpected opportunities that may have
emerged, and identifying mid-project
adjustments and corrections which can help
insure the success of the project. The feedback
gathered during formative evaluation is
designed to fine-tune the implementation of the
program, gather reaction and identify what is
not working.
Summative Evaluation is the process of
collecting data following implementation of the
project in order to determine its effectiveness
and satisfies the instructional objectives.
Summative evaluation may measure knowledge
transfer, learner outcomes, cost factors, and
learner attitude.
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History of Addie
the
{HISTORY}
of ADDIE
ISD evolved from post-World War II research in the United States
military to find a more effective and manageable way to create
training programs and generate propaganda. These efforts led to
early ISD models that were developed and taught in the late
1960's at Florida State University.
In 1975, Florida State University coined the ADDIE model of
Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation,
which was selected by the Armed Services as the primary means
for developing training. At the time, the term "ADDIE" was not
used, but rather "SAT" (Systems Approach to Training) or "ISD"
(Instructional Systems Development). As a general rule, the
military used SAT, while their civilian counterparts used ISD.
Click here to see more WWII posters
From informing the troops to informing the
public, Instructional Design was put into
high gear during WWII.
Gallery
Click here to return to the previous slide.
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Theory: Behaviorism
{Theory}
1. Behaviorism
Definition
Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable
behaviors and discounts mental activities. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the
acquisition of new behavior.
Applications
Training, education, is tapped into during the development/implementation process
of ADDIE
Concept
Learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Involves
Instructor design the learning environment, learner responds to the stimuli
Example
Rewards for good behavior or actions, free gift when they visit/call/purchase,
showing a picture of a good product to generate s‘ alivation’
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Theory: Constructivism
{Theory}
2. Constructivism
Definition
Constructivism is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct
our own understanding of the world we live in. Each of us generates our own "rules" and "mental models," which we use
to make sense of our experiences. Learning, therefore, is simply the process of adjusting our mental models to
accommodate new experiences.
Applications
Curriculum, instruction, assessment, is tapped into during the
development/implementation/evaluation process of ADDIE
Concept
The purpose of learning is for an individual to construct his or her own meaning, not just
memorize the "right" answers and regurgitate someone else's meaning.
Involves
Emphasizes hands-on problem solving, Educators focus on making connections between facts
and fostering new understanding in students, Instructors tailor their teaching strategies to
student responses and encourage students to analyze, interpret, and predict information,
Assessment becomes part of the learning process so that students play a larger role in judging
their own progress instead of grades and tests conducted by the instructor,
Example
Design that encourages the learner to understand the meaning,
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Theory: Cognitivism
{Theory}
3. Cognitivism
Definition
Cognitivism as an internal, active, creative process. It emphasizes the critical role that memory plays in
helping us translate new information into a form that is meaningful and will allow us to retrieve it and be
able to use it. Memory involves three processes: attention, encoding and retrieval.
Applications
Instruction, is tapped into during the implementation process of ADDIE
Concept
Learning takes place when information is received into the mind and then
processed to make sense of it. Learning new information is made possible by
connecting it to existing information and then storing it so it can be retrieved later.
Involves
The role of the teacher is to present new information in a way that helps the
learner attend to, encode and retrieve information. The teacher should organize
information and help students link it to existing information.
Example
Design using association, Design telling the viewer what they can use the information/product
for in their own lives, Recycling old themes and making them new
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Comparison: ASSURE
ADDIE in
{COMPARISON}
The ASSURE model is an ISD (Instructional Systems Design) process that was
modified to be used by educators. You can use this process in writing
your content and in improving instruction and learning.
The ASSURE model incorporates Robert Gagne's events of instruction to
assure effective use of media in instruction.
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ASSURE
Analyze Learners
State Objectives
Select Media and Materials
Utilize Media and Materials
Require Learner Participation
Evaluate and Revise
A
S
S
U
R
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1. to ASSURE
A
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Comparison: ARCS
ADDIE in
{COMPARISON}
The ARCS model is a motivational model. This model is not intended to
stand apart as a separate system for instructional design, but can be
incorporated within another design process such as ADDIE or ASSURE.
The ARCS model of motivational design consists of a set of categories
of motivational concepts and strategies that are derived from a synthesis
of the research on human motivation combined with a review of successful
motivational practices.
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·
·
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ARCS
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
A
R
C
S
2. to ARCS
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Comparison: Kemp
ADDIE in
{COMPARISON}
The Kemp Model emphasizes the interdependencies of each
step in the process, highlights the importance of the evaluation,
and recognizes more environmental factors in an educational
setting. (Otherwise known as the MRK Model for all of it’s
founders: Morrison, Ross and Kemp.)
The Kemp Model
1. Identify instructional problems
2. Examine learner characteristics
3. Identify subject content
4. State instructional objectives for the learner
5. Design instructional strategies
6. Plan the instructional message and delivery
7. Develop evaluation instruments
8. Select resources to support instruction and learning activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3. to The Kemp Model
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Comparison: Dick and Carey
ADDIE in
{COMPARISON}
Dick and Carey's model details a comprehensive and detailed
process. It has been criticized for at the same time
being too rigid and cumbersome for the average design process.
The Dick & Carey Model
1. Instructional Goals
2. Instructional Analysis
3. Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics
4. Performance Objectives
5. Criterion-Referenced Test Items
6. Instructional Strategy
7. Instructional Materials
8. Formative Evaluation
9. Summative Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4. to Dick and Carey
A
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Uses in MM: Project
{ADDIE for MM}
1. Develop a project
Analyze
Brainstorm/Idea Mapping, Analyze your entire project, Determine your project
completion date, Decide on the specific topic, Establish the project’s parameters,
Decide on a budget limit, List the major tasks, List the objectives.
Design
Decide on a deliverable, Establish a methodology, Gather resources, Choose a
graphic theme, Select fonts, Develop a color scheme, Develop a project outline,
Develop a schedule/timeline including buffer time for redesign.
Develop
Develop identity, Develop a prototype to test, get feedback on and redesign, Develop
the project, Print documents.
Implement
Present the project, Upload the project.
Evaluate
Document the project performance and results.
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Uses in MM: Portfolio
{ADDIE for MM}
2. Develop an Electronic Portfolio
Analyze
Brainstorm/Idea Mapping, Analyze your entire project, Determine your project
completion date, List current works you would like to include, List any gaps you may
have in your work and decide on what you can do to fill those gaps, Establish the
project’s parameters, Decide on a budget limit, List the major tasks, List the
objectives.
Design
Decide on a deliverable that will be easy to update, Establish a methodology, Gather
resources, Choose a graphic theme, Select fonts, Develop a color scheme, Develop a
project outline, Develop a schedule/timeline including buffer time for redesign.
Develop
Develop identity, Develop a prototype to test, get feedback on and redesign, Develop
the portfolio, Print calling cards, resumes and hardcopies to accompany the portfolio.
Implement
Upload the portfolio, Present the portfolio to an employer or school, Leave the
employer or school with a calling card, cd/dvd version and resume in an organized
folder.
Evaluate
Document the project performance and results, Continue to update.
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Uses in MM: Identity
{ADDIE for MM}
3. Client Identity
Analyze
Meet with the client and gather general information, Brainstorm/Idea Mapping,
Analyze your entire project, Determine your project completion date, Decide on the
specific theme, Establish the project’s parameters, Decide on a budget limit, List the
major tasks, List the objectives, Determine a method of payment.
Design
Client approvals throughout the process, Decide on a deliverable, Establish a
methodology, Gather resources, Choose a graphic theme, Select fonts, Develop a
color scheme, Develop a project outline, Develop a schedule/timeline including buffer
time for redesign, Present client with cost estimate.
Develop
Client approvals throughout the process, Develop identity, Develop a prototype to
test, Get feedback on the design and redesign, Develop the project, Print documents
requested and paid for by the client.
Implement
Present the identity to the client on a cd/dvd, Present materials to the client, Accept
payment.
Evaluate
Document the project performance, feedback from client and results.
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{Quiz}
Quiz
turn up your volume
1.
What is the Analyze phase in ADDIE?
a. Translate the program objectives into terminal and enabling learning objectives.
b. Clarify organizational and training program objectives.
c. Rollout program communications to stakeholders.
2.
When was Instructional Design originally developed?
a. During WWII
b. During the Bauhaus movement in Germany
c. During the War of 1812 in the WNY area
3.
What theory is based on the learned creating their own unique education?
a. Behaviorism
b. Cognitivism
c. Constructivism
4.
What part of the ASSURE model would be closely related to the Development phase in ADDIE?
a. State objectives
b. Evaluate and revise
c. Utilize media and materials
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References
{REFERENCES}
Business Performance Pty Ltd (Modified 3/29/08). Instructional Systems Design.
Retrieved March, 2008, from http://www.businessperform.com/html/addie_
model.html.
Dennis Tester (Modified 3/29/08). The ADDIE Instructional Design Model. Retrieved March,
2008, from http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm.
M. Malachowski (Modified 3/1/02). ADDIE Based Five-Step Method Towards Instructional
Design. Retrieved March, 2008, from
http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~mmalacho/OnLine/ADDIE.html.
Martin Ryder (Modified 3/1/08). Instructional Design Models. Retrieved March, 2008, from
http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_
data/idmodels.html.
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References
{REFERENCES}
Judith V. Boettcher, Ph. D. (Modified 6/3/98). Using the Web for Teaching: An Online
Learning Module. Retrieved March, 2008, from http://vccslitonline.cc.va.us/usingweb/.
Douglas College (Modified 7/03). The ASSURE Model for Selecting Instructional Media.
Retrieved March, 2008, http://www.umdnj.edu/meg/legacy/assure_
model_select_
media.htm.
Kevin Kruse (Modified 3/29/08). Introduction to Instructional Design and the ADDIE Model.
Retrieved March, 2008, from http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/art2_1.htm.
A.W. Strickland Ph. D. (Modified 3/29/08). ADDIE. Retrieved March, 2008, from
http://ed.isu.edu/addie/index.html.
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References
{REFERENCES}
Intuology (Modified 3/29/08). The ADDIE Instructional Design Model. Retrieved March,
2008, from http://www.intulogy.com/addie/index.html.
Funderstanding (Modified 3/30/03). About Learning. Retrieved March, 2008,
http://www.funderstanding.com/about_learning.cfm.
Kendra Van Wagner (Modified 2008). What is Behaviorism?. Retrieved March, 2008,
from http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm.
John M. Keller (Modified 3/30/08). What is the ARCS Model?. Retrieved March, 2008,
from http://www.arcsmodel.com/home.htm.
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References
{REFERENCES}
Dana Bayer (Modified 5/10/01). Cognitivism. Retrieved March, 2008, from
http://online.sfsu.edu/~foreman/itec800/finalprojects/danabayer/cognitivism.html.
Max Wideman (Modified 3/30/03). Steps in Project Planning. Retrieved March, 2008,
http://www.maxwideman.com/issacons/iac1079a/sld001.htm.