Transcript OVERVIEW - Psychology

Social Cognitive View
Integrates Social Learning
and Cognitive Theories
•
•
•
•
Reciprocal determinism
Self-regulation
Expectancy values & self-efficacy
Attribution
Social Learning Theories
• Rotter: Expectancy Value Theory
• Bandura: Self-Efficacy Theory
Common aspects of the theories:
• Interpretation of reality matters more than
reality itself
• Individuals are conscious and rational
• Self-set goals play an important role
Rotter: Expectancy Value Theory
Behavior Potential
• Likelihood of performing certain behavior
• BP is a function of:
– reinforcement value of reaching the goal
– psychological situation
– expectancy that the behavior will attain the goal
• specific expectancies
• general expectancies (Locus of control)
Locus of Control
• Generalized outcome expectancy
• Belief about whether my behavior will
influence my outcomes
– internal (yes, my behavior makes a difference)
– external (no, outside forces rule)
• external: powerful others
• external: god
• external: chance
Correlates of Internal LOC
•
•
•
•
•
•
Less belief in authorities
Less likely to conform
More success oriented
Better precautions
More sports and exercise
More political
But also:
• Worse adjustment in institutional setting
• Less likely to learn from advice
Bandura: Self-Efficacy
Definition:
• Belief in one's ability to successfully plan
and execute the behavior that is necessary to
reach a given goal
• Efficacy expectations are always specific
for a certain area of performance
Efficacy
Motivation
Performance
Benefits of High Efficacy
• Better performance at physical and
cognitive tasks in the lab
• Mistakes are seen as learning experiences
• Better tolerance towards pain
• More positive responses to aging
stereotypes
Mediated by emotions:
– Less anxiety
– Positive emotions in the face of challenges
Increasing Self-Efficacy
• Active experience
– All at once
– Small steps
• Modeling/observational learning
– Ideal model = similar model
• Verbal persuasion
– “You can do it”
Bandura vs. Rotter
Person
Efficacy
Beliefs
Behavior
Outcome
Outcome
Expectancies
• Strength
• Physical
• Domain
• Social
• Generality
• Self-Evaluative
-
Outcome Expectancies +
- Efficacy Beliefs +
Resignation
Self-Devaluation
Apathy
Protest
Productive
Engagement
Social Activism
Satisfaction
Review
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Historical background
Trait approach
Biological approach
Psychodynamic approach
Phenomenological approach
Cultural approach
Behavioral approach
Social cognitive approach