Transcript Dollard and Miller • Prominent researchers in 40’s, 50’s • Wanted to extend Behaviorism • Tried to meld psychoanalytic and behavior theory • Criticized Skinnerian.

Dollard and Miller
• Prominent researchers in 40’s, 50’s
• Wanted to extend Behaviorism
• Tried to meld psychoanalytic and behavior
theory
• Criticized Skinnerian Behaviorism
Cited four shortcomings
Skinner Model Shortcomings
1
2
3
4
Ignores motivation/thinking
Based on animal studies
Ignores social dimension of learning
Treats organism as passive
Stagesetters
• People like Dollard and Miller and others
(e.g., Julian Rotter), unlike Skinner,
accepted importance of cognitive
processes in influencing behavior
D and M’s Habit Heirarchy
• What is this concept?
• How is it a deviation from Skinner?
Dollard and Miller opened the door for
interactional learning modelsenvironment, thinking (internal processes)
and behavior
Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory
Albert Bandura (1925 -)
‘The prospects for survival
would be slim indeed if
one could learn only from
the consequences of trial
and error.’
Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory
• Behaviorism with an increased interest in
internal states
• Building upon Staats (1975, 1981), who
• suggested internal states (attitudes, selfconcept)
Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory
Main elements of the theory:
•
Reciprocal Determinism
(i) The individual, (ii) the environment, and (iii)
the mental structures that mediate the two will
interact with one another in complex ways
• Observational learning- models
• Behaviors need not be performed to be learned
(vicarious learning)
Elements of Bandura’s Theory
• People tend to have consistent goals
(e.g. a good exam grade for a person
whose goal is to succeed academically
will reinforce them to a greater extent than
it would a person who cares less about
their academic performance)
Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory
• Bobo doll study (Bandura, 1965)
Nursery school children watched an adult on TV who
performed four novel, aggressive acts on a plastic ‘Bobo
doll’. The adult was then either rewarded, punished, or
received no consequences
Later:
• all children could perform the behavior if asked
• but those who had seen the adult rewarded were more
likely to behave aggressively when alone
• This is sometimes called ‘vicarious conditioning’
Bobo Experiment
Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory: Cognitive Elements
•
•
•
•
•
Self-efficacy- another aspect of Bandura’s theory
An efficacy expectation is the extent of the belief that
one’s actions can bring about a certain
outcome – i.e. Is it within my power to do so?
“I can get an A on the exam if I try.”
An outcome expectation is the extent of the belief
that one’s actions will bring about a certain
outcome – i.e. Is it likely to happen?
Motivation and Efficacy
• A strong sense of efficacy enhances
human accomplishment and well-being.
• People with high assurance in their
capabilities approach difficult tasks as
challenges to be mastered rather than as
threats to be avoided.
• Such an efficacious outlook fosters
intrinsic interest and deep engrossment in
activities.
Creating Efficacy-Sucesses
• The most effective way of creating a
strong sense of efficacy is through
mastery experiences.
• If people experience only easy successes
however they come to expect quick results
and are easily discouraged by failure.
• A resilient sense of efficacy requires
experience in overcoming obstacles
through perseverant effort.
Creating Efficacy-Social Models
• The second way of creating and
strengthening self-beliefs of efficacy is
through the vicarious experiences
provided by social models.
Creating Efficacy-Persuasion
• Social persuasion is a third way of
strengthening people's beliefs that they
have what it takes to succeed.
• People who are persuaded verbally that
they possess the capabilities to master
given activities are likely to mobilize
greater effort and sustain it
Creating Efficacy-Reduce Stress
• The fourth way of modifying self-beliefs of
efficacy is to reduce people's stress
reactions.
• One way to do it-- alter their negative
emotional proclivities and
misinterpretations of their physical states.
Cognitive Processes
• SLT stresses the importance of cognitive
processes
• Triadic reciprocal determinism
• Example
Belief- People are untrustworthy
Behavior event- shortchanged by cashier;
get hostile
Environment- Feedback- cashier gets hostile
Internal Processes
• Notice this man’s beliefs are internal
mediators of behavior and behavior
influences the environment.
• Internal processes important again
Passivity/Activity
• People are not passive but can impact
environment
• I arrive at a party and liven it up- I am
affecting/ shaping environment
Other SLT Principles
• Phenomenological perspective
• Imaginal Representation
• Observational learning